Chemical hazards and harmful production factors are very diverse and are divided according to various characteristics and criteria.

In sanitary and hygienic practice it is customary to separate chemical harmful and dangerous products related factors on chemicals and industrial dust.

The degree and nature of the disturbances they cause normal operation the human body depends on the route of entry into the human body, dose, time of exposure, concentration of the substance and its solubility, the state of the receiving tissue and the body as a whole, atmospheric pressure, temperature and other environmental characteristics.

Consequence effects of harmful substances on the org nizm can be anatomical damage, permanent or temporary disorders and combined consequences. Many highly active harmful substances cause disruption of physiological activity in the body without noticeable anatomical damage, effects on the functioning of the nervous and cardiovascular systems, on general metabolism, etc.

Release of harmful substances into the air environment is possible during technological processes and work related to the use, storage, transportation of chemicals and materials, their extraction and manufacture.

Chemicals by nature of exposure on the human body are divided into:

toxic;

annoying;

sensitizing;

carcinogenic;

mutagenic;

• affecting reproductive function.

Most hazardous substances used in production have general toxic (general poisoning) effect. These include aromatic hydrocarbons and their derivatives, tetraethyl lead, organophosphorus substances, chlorinated hydrocarbons and many others. Mercury and its organic compounds are highly toxic.

Irritating effect possess acids, alkalis, as well as chlorine-, fluorine-, sulfur-, and nitrogen-containing compounds, etc. All these substances have in common the fact that upon contact with biological tissues they cause an inflammatory reaction, and the respiratory organs, skin and mucous membranes are primarily affected shells of the eyes.

TO sensitizing These include substances that, after a relatively short-term effect on the body, cause it to become hypersensitive to this substance. With subsequent even short-term contact with this substance, a person experiences violent reactions, most often leading to skin changes, asthmatic phenomena, and blood diseases. Mercury compounds, platinum, aldehydes, etc. have such properties.

Carcinogens When entering the human body, they cause the development of malignant tumors. Products of the oil refining and petrochemical industries, asbestos dust, many hydrocarbons, etc. have carcinogenic activity.

Mutagenic substances influence the genetic apparatus of the germ cells of the body. The mutation leads to cell death or functional changes. These substances can also cause a decrease in the body's overall resistance, early aging, as well as other serious illnesses. These properties are possessed by ethyleneamine, urethane, organic peroxides, mustard gas, formaldehyde, etc.

TO substances affecting reproductive function, include benzene and its derivatives, carbon disulfide, lead, antimony, manganese, pesticides, nicotine, mercury compounds, etc.

In selected literary sources toxic substances according to their physiological effects they are divided into:

annoying, which act on the surface of the tissues of the respiratory tract, mucous membranes, skin, eyes (acids, alkalis, ammonia, chlorine, sulfur compounds, etc.);

suffocating- physically inert gases that dilute the oxygen content in the air and thereby disrupt the process of oxygen absorption by tissues (carbon dioxide, nitrogen, methane, etc.);

somatic poisons that cause disruption of the activity of the entire organism or its individual systems;

having a narcotic effect.

There are other classifications harmful substances according to relevant criteria, for example, by preferential effect on certain organs and systems of the human body, by the size of the lethal dose, etc.

Along the path of penetration They are divided into those that enter the human body through:

respiratory organs;

gastrointestinal tract;

skin and mucous membranes.

Considered the most dangerous penetration of harmful chemicals through the respiratory system, since their absorption occurs very intensively, and they enter through the lungs into big circle blood circulation, bypassing the liver.

Harmful substances into the gastrointestinal tract can be acquired by inhaling dust and fumes, while eating, if personal hygiene requirements are not followed, and by smoking. In this case, the harmful effects of chemicals are partially neutralized by the liver and the acidic environment of the stomach. However, some of them are still absorbed into the blood through the walls of the intestines and stomach.

Some chemicals that are highly soluble in fat can enter the body through the skin. By doing this, they also bypass the liver. The speed of their penetration depends on the condition of the skin and meteorological conditions, especially temperature. In this case, the condition of the body itself and its resistance are important. Weak people are more quickly exposed to harmful substances, and the consequences of this exposure are the most severe for them.

By degree of impact on the human body, all harmful substances are divided according to GOST 12.1.007 "System of occupational safety standards. Harmful substances Classification and general safety requirements" into four classes:

• extremely dangerous;
• highly dangerous;
• moderately dangerous;
• low-risk.

It should be borne in mind that even substances classified as low-hazard can cause severe poisoning with prolonged exposure and high concentrations.

Despite the fact that we literally bathe in them, chemicals do not have a good reputation. Some of them may be useful, but almost all will be poison under certain conditions.

The chemicals and reagents you will find on the list below will be dangerous even under ideal conditions. Extremely dangerous.

Ethidium bromide

A modern biologist must know the principles of working with DNA. The problem is that DNA is completely invisible in the concentrations most people use. If you want to isolate DNA fragments, you need to color them. Ethidium bromide is ideal as a DNA dye. It fluoresces beautifully and clings tightly to DNA. What else is needed for happiness? Maybe this compound doesn't cause cancer?

Ethidium bromide colors DNA by squeezing between base pairs. This leads to disruption of DNA integrity as the presence of ethidium bromide causes tension in the structure. Break sites become sites for mutations.

But mutations, as we know, are most often undesirable. While you need to use ultraviolet light, another carcinogen, to visualize the dye, that obviously doesn't make the component any safer. Many scientists working with DNA prefer to use safer compounds to stain deoxyribonucleic acid.

Dimethylcadmium

Lead, mercury and all their friends cause various health problems when they enter the human body. In some forms, these heavy metals can pass through the body without being absorbed. In others they are easily captured. Once inside, they begin to cause problems.

Dimethylcadmium causes severe skin burns and eye damage. It is also a poison that accumulates in tissues. Moreover, if physiological effects not enough, this chemical is flammable in liquid and gaseous forms. Interaction with air is enough to set it on fire, and water only aggravates the combustion process.

When dimethylcadmium burns, it produces cadmium oxide, another substance with unpleasant properties. Cadmium oxide causes cancer and a flu-like illness called foundry fever.

VX

VX, as Venomous Agent X is called, is a chemical that has no use outside of chemical weapons. Developed by the British military research station in Porton, this odorless, tasteless substance is lethal even in a volume of 10 milligrams. The British government traded information about VX with the American government in exchange for the process of creating thermonuclear weapons.

VX is easily absorbed into the skin. Additionally, it does not readily degrade in the environment, so an attack using VX will have long-term consequences. Clothing worn while exposed to the substance will be enough to poison anyone who comes into contact with it. Exposure to VX kills instantly, causing convulsions and paralysis. Death occurs in the process of abandonment respiratory system.

Sulfur trioxide

Sulfur trioxide is a precursor to sulfuric acid, also required for some sulfonation reactions. If sulfur trioxide were not useful, no sane scientist would keep it around. Sulfur trioxide is extremely corrosive when it comes into contact with organic matter.

When it interacts with water (which makes up most of our body), it creates sulfuric acid, releasing heat. Even if it didn't get directly on your flesh, it would still be very dangerous to be around. Sulfuric acid fumes are bad for your lungs. Spilling sulfur trioxide on organic material such as paper or wood creates a toxic fire.

Batrachotoxin

Batrachotoxin is a complex-looking molecule that is so lethal that one 136 millionth of a gram of the substance would be lethal to a 68 kg person. To give you an idea, this is about two granules of salt. Batrachotoxin is one of the most dangerous and toxic chemicals.

Batrachotoxin binds to sodium channels in nerve cells. The role of these channels is vital in muscle and nerve functions. By keeping these channels open, the chemical removes any muscle control from the body.

Batrachotoxin was found on the skin of tiny frogs, the poison of which was used for poisoned arrows. Some Indian tribes dipped the tips of arrows in poison secreted by frogs. Darts and arrows paralyzed the prey and allowed hunters to calmly take it.

Dioxydifluoride

Dioxyfluoride is a scary chemical that also has the charming name FOOF because two fluorine atoms are attached to two oxygen atoms. In 1962, chemist A. G. Streng published a work entitled “Chemical Properties of Dioxyfluoride.” And although this name does not seem scary, Streng's experiments certainly were.

FOOF is made at very low temperatures as it breaks down at a boiling point of around -57 degrees Celsius. During his experiments, Streng discovered that FOOF explodes when reacting with organic compounds, even at temperatures of -183 degrees Celsius. When interacting with chlorine, FOOF explodes violently, and contact with platinum leads to the same effect.

In short, in the results section of Streng's paper there were a lot of words like "flash", "spark", "explosion", "strong" and "fire" in various combinations. Don't forget that all of this happened at temperatures at which most chemicals are essentially inert.

Potassium cyanide

Cyanide is a simple molecule, just a carbon atom bonded three times to a nitrogen atom. Being small, the cyanide molecule can leak into proteins and make them very sick. Cyanide especially likes to bind to the iron atoms in the center of hemoproteins.

One of the hemoproteins is extremely useful for us: hemoglobin, a protein that carries oxygen in our blood. Cyanide removes the ability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen.

When potassium cyanide comes into contact with water, it breaks down into hydrogen cyanide, which is easily absorbed by the body. This gas smells like bitter almonds, although not everyone can smell it.

Due to its rapid reaction, potassium cyanide has often been used as a remedy for [Roskomnadzor] by many people. British agents during World War II carried cyanide pills in case of capture, and many high-ranking Nazis also used potassium cyanide capsules to evade justice.

Dimethylmercury

Two drops of dimethylmercury - that's all.

In 1996, Karen Wetterhahn studied the effects of heavy metals on organisms. Heavy metals in their metallic form interact rather poorly with living organisms. Although not recommended, it is quite possible to dip your hand into liquid mercury and successfully remove it.

So to introduce mercury into DNA, Wetterhahn used dimethylmercury, a mercury atom with two organic groups attached. As she worked, Wetterhan dropped a drop, maybe two, onto her latex glove. Six months later she died.

Wetterhahn was an experienced professor and took all recommended precautions. But the dimethylmercury seeped through the gloves in less than five seconds and through the skin in less than fifteen. The chemical did not leave any obvious traces and Wetterhan noticed side effects only several months later, when it was too late for treatment.

Chlorine trifluoride

Chlorine and fluorine are unpleasant elements individually. But when they combine to form chlorine trifluoride, things get even worse.

Chlorine trifluoride is such a corrosive substance that it cannot even be stored in glass. It is such a strong oxidizing agent that it will be able to set fire to things that do not even burn in oxygen.

Even the ashes of things burned in an oxygen atmosphere will ignite under the influence of chlorine trifluoride. It doesn't even need an ignition source. When 900 kilograms of chlorine trifluoride were spilled in an industrial accident, the chemical dissolved 0.3 meters of concrete and a meter of gravel beneath it.

The only (relatively) safe way to store this substance is in a metal container that has already been treated with fluoride. This creates a fluoride barrier with which chlorine trifluoride does not react. When it meets water, chlorine trifluoride instantly explodes, releasing heat and hydrofluoric acid.

Hydrofluoric acid

Anyone who has worked in the field of chemistry has heard stories about hydrofluoric acid. In a technical sense, it is a weak acid that does not easily part with its hydrogen ion. Therefore, it is quite difficult to get a quick chemical burn from it. And this is the secret of her cunning. Being relatively neutral, hydrofluoric acid can pass through the skin without your notice and enter the body. And once in place, hydrofluoric acid gets to work.

When an acid gives up its proton, fluorine remains, which reacts with other substances. These reactions snowball and fluoride wreaks terrible havoc. One of fluoride's favorite targets is calcium. Therefore, hydrofluoric acid leads to the death of bone tissue. If the victim is left untreated, death will be long and painful.

It is impossible to imagine the life of a modern person in everyday life without the use of a lot of household chemicals:

• washing powder that effectively washes things - most families use Myth, Sorti, Tide, Ariel, Denis, Persil, Pemos, Dosya, Lotus, Stork, Eared nannies
• various types of cleaning products and detergents in the kitchen or bathroom: Pemoxol, Biolan, Pemolux, Domestos, Ac.
• for washing dishes: Sorti, Feri, Myth, Biolan, etc.
• window and mirror cleaners, air fresheners, carpet cleaners, and insect repellents.

Household chemicals contain many harmful substances that not only harm the fragile ecosystem, but also have a very detrimental effect on human health, leading sooner or later to chronic human diseases. Manufacturers claim that the amount of harmful substances in household chemical products is minimal, but they “forget” to mention such a fact as the combined effect of all components, which causes real harm to health:

• Only 3% of the population carefully study the composition of purchased household chemicals and buy hypoallergenic products
• 50% know that these products are harmful to health, but due to their effectiveness and time savings, they choose them
• 50% don't think twice This is why they trust the ubiquitous advertising of manufacturers.

If you take care of your health and want to minimize the impact of dangerous chemical compounds, buy the safest household chemicals possible and carefully read the composition and instructions. The most hazardous chemical compounds often used in household products are:

• Chlorine, organochlorine compounds - in cleaning products and detergents
• Phosphates and phosphonates- in washing powders
• Surfactants - in detergents and cleaning products
• Formaldehyde - in dishwashing detergents, carpet cleaners (formaldehyd or methanal, methylene oxide, oxymethylene)
• Hydrochloric acid - in cleaning products

Also in cosmetics- shampoos, creams, decorative cosmetics contain a lot of substances that negatively affect health, which manufacturers are silent about (see). One of the studies by American scientists found that the abuse of household chemicals and cosmetics affects women’s reproductive health, disrupting the functions of the endocrine system and bringing menopause closer (see)

Chlorine and organochlorine compounds - hypochlorite or sodium hypochlorite

Chlorine and its compounds are found in many products:

• bleaches - ACE (chlorine bleaches)
• detergents for dishwashers and hand washing dishes (Prill)
• disinfectants - Belizna, Comet (gel or powder with chlorinol), Domestos (a very highly concentrated product, practically a “poison” for the respiratory system, cannot be used in everyday life)
• anti-mold products

In the European Union since 1987, some chlorine-containing compounds have been banned or their use is limited because they can cause:

Chlorine has an irritating effect on the mucous membranes of the respiratory tract and eyes, leading to primary inflammatory changes, which are easily followed by a secondary infection. At low and medium concentrations of chlorine, poisoning is accompanied by the following symptoms:

Mild household poisoning occurs when using detergents and cleaning products and recovery occurs within 3-7 days. However, with a low concentration of chlorine and its compounds, acute poisoning does not occur, the negative effect on health is not noticeable to a person, but if contact occurs regularly, changes in the respiratory tract occur and the person does not understand why he suddenly developed hoarseness, catarrh of the upper respiratory tract, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) develops, chronic bronchitis, bronchial asthma or pulmonary tuberculosis (note that by the age of 30, almost the entire population of Russia is considered infected with Koch’s bacillus, and such slow poisoning can contribute to the development of the disease).

Not all housewives know that sulfur dioxide, ethylene glycol and chlorine, which are part of household disinfectants, are chemical warfare agents in the military industry. At the enterprises that produce these detergents, workers wear protective clothing and respirators!!! The packaging of products usually indicates not just chlorine, but chlorine-containing compounds, which are the active ingredient, for example sodium hypochlorite (sodium hypochlorite) or simply hypochlorite (hypochlorite), and when using these household chemicals, chlorine is also released.

The risk of irritation of mucous membranes and the development of diseases of the respiratory system increases when using chlorine-containing products in winter in small (bathroom, toilet), poorly ventilated rooms, as well as in winter water parks and swimming pools.

Surfactant

Surfactants (surfactants) today are found in all cleaning products - soap, washing powders, dish and room cleaners, etc. Why do they clean surfaces so well? They promote the connection of water molecules with fat molecules, so these substances also break down the protective skin fat of a person. According to the standards established by GOST, the protective layer of the skin after using such products should independently restore up to 60% within 4 hours after using the surfactant, but this does not happen.

All surfactants are divided into:

• Anionic surfactants (a-surfactants) are the most highly soluble in water, cheapest, most effective and most harmful to nature and the human body. They can accumulate in significant concentrations in the body.
• Cationic surfactants - they are less harmful and have bactericidal properties.
• Nonionic surfactants- 100% biodegradable

Anionic surfactants are often contaminated with nitrosamines, which are carcinogenic, and this is not stated on the label. Most modern household chemicals have a high concentration of anionic surfactants; when used frequently and abundantly in everyday life, this leads to:

• severe degreasing and dehydration of the skin, which leads to premature aging
• in combination with phosphates, which promote more intense penetration of a-surfactants through the skin, they are absorbed into the blood, reducing immunity.
• Anionic surfactants accumulate in organs: in the liver - 0.6%, in the brain - 1.9% of the total amount of surfactants exposed to the skin and other organs.
• these substances have a toxic effect: they disrupt the functions of liver cells, which leads to an increase in cholesterol levels and, as a result, increases the risk of heart attacks and strokes; in the lungs they can cause emphysema, hyperemia, and disrupt the transmission of nerve impulses in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous systems.
• the risk of developing allergic reactions increases.

When using any detergents (both for washing dishes and washing clothes), surfactants penetrate and accumulate in the body. Even rinsing dishes 10 times with hot water does not free them from chemical compounds. To somehow reduce them harmful effects, you should purchase products with an amount of a-surfactants of no more than 5%.

Modern packaging of washing powders - gel capsules - are packages so bright and pleasant to the touch that they attract small children, reminiscent of a toy, candy, or juice box. In the United States, 1 child is hospitalized every day with poisoning after exposure to, inhalation or ingestion of such products (see). Splashing and swallowing the laundry gel capsule causes coughing, choking, conjunctivitis, eye burns, and vomiting in children.

BLACK LIST Eared nanny— phosphates 15-30%, silicates (5-15%), nonionic surfactants, defoamer (less than 5%), oxygen-containing bleaches, fragrance, enzymes, optical brighteners Amway(contains phosphonates and optical brightener) stork(if there are phosphates in the composition) company "Edelstar" washing powder AMELY (a-surfactant, contains phosphates) Pemos,Dreft,Nanny baby, Ariel, Myth,Tide, etc.

WHITE LIST Garden kids ( baby soap 30%, soda ash 60%, sodium citrate 0.3% and silver ions, without fragrance), pour directly into the drum, it is better to pre-soak or pre-stark, because heavy soiling does not wash well) Frau Schmidt (contain anionic surfactants, but not more than 15%, zeolites and anionic tensides, without fragrance) Bio Mio (15% zeolites, less than 5% anionic surfactants, nonionic surfactants, polycarboxylates, enzymes, cotton extract soap) Denmark soap nuts (and products based on them) Sonett Almawin Japanese and Korean remedies (not all) EcoLife (cleaning probiotics) ECODOO Ecover Nordland Eco

Phosphates and phosphonates

IN former USSR Back in the 60s, the influence of SMS (synthetic detergents) on human health and the environment was studied, and the results coincided with the conclusions of similar studies by European specialists.

However, the conclusions drawn were different:

• European countries have banned some harmful substances completely, while others have sharply limited their permissible content in washing powders.
• in our country, these alarming facts were kept silent and hidden not only from society, but also from specialists, and to this day there is no control or ban on the inclusion of harmful substances in products not only for adults, but also for children.

It was found that phosphorus (phosphate) compounds disrupt the acid-base balance of skin cells, that is, they destroy the natural defenses; they interact with lipid-protein membranes, penetrating the structural elements of the cell and causing deep, subtle changes in biophysical and biochemical processes, which leads not only to:

• dermatological diseases (,)
• allergic reactions, respiratory tract damage, but also
• Penetrating through the skin, phosphates partially penetrate into the bloodstream and affect the content of hemoglobin, protein, and blood serum density, which in turn leads to
• dysfunction of the liver, kidneys, skeletal muscles, and also
• metabolic disorders, severe poisoning, exacerbation of chronic diseases

In addition, when phosphates enter natural bodies of water, they cause water blooms, since they serve as fertilizer for algae, and this leads to the death of living organisms in rivers and lakes. Today, many manufacturers refuse to add phosphates to household chemical products, and introduce polycarboxylates and zeolites as more environmentally friendly substances.

Phosphate content in our usual washing powders

In all popular and advertised brands of washing powders sold in Russian supermarkets, the phosphate content is indicated as 15-30%, but often their level is more than 40%. Why is this dangerous for human health when regularly used for washing clothes and linen?

Phosphates in such quantities are practically not rinsed out of synthetic, cotton and woolen fabrics - that is, from all that are worn. modern man. To rinse them, you need to rinse the fabric 8-10 times in HOT water, and modern automatic washing machine programs rinse mainly in cold water and no more than 2-4 times!!!

As mentioned above, the presence of phosphate additives in washing powders enhances the toxic effects of a-surfactants, causing slow destruction of fragile chemical equilibrium human body, causing at first minor changes, barely noticeable or even unnoticeable, then more significant.

And the saddest thing is that none of us associate the deterioration in general health, the appearance of chronic diseases by the age of 40-50, with the influence of household chemicals. And the manufacturers of these products are not interested in disseminating negative information about the dangers of their products to the health of the nation; for the same reason, there are no reliable studies over a long period of time on a large group of people about the dangers of using such products in everyday life.

In order to somehow protect yourself and your loved ones from the influence of phosphates, you should:

• Rinse clothes and underwear in hot water more than 8 times.
• Wear gloves on your hands not only to protect your delicate skin, but also to protect your body from harmful substances.
• When washing, try not to be in the same room and ventilate the apartment while doing so.
• After washing, be sure to wet clean the apartment.
• Choose detergents with surfactants and phosphates no more than 5%, certified, without a strong odor, hermetically sealed
• Use a minimal amount of any disinfectant
• Never mix different disinfectants
• Wear a mask and gloves when cleaning and washing.

Other harmful compounds hazardous to health

• sodium hypochlorite - sodium hypochlorite, used in bleaches. Since this substance is very unstable, it easily releases chlorine, the dangers of which are described above.
• Petroleum distillates- used in polishes for metal surfaces, even short-term exposure leads to, and frequent and prolonged exposure leads to skin diseases and malfunction nervous system, organs of vision, kidneys.
• Nitrobenzolum, nitrobenzine, nitroben-zene, nitrobenzene- used in furniture and floor polishes. Causes birth defects in children, causes oncological diseases, vomiting, shortness of breath, skin discoloration, and even cause death.
• Ammonia— liquid ammonia, used in glass cleaning products. Causes headaches, respiratory tract and eye irritation.
• Formaldehyde as a preservative in food is a carcinogen and causes irritation to the respiratory tract, skin, eyes, and throat.
• Phenols and cresols- as bactericidal additives, they are very toxic, causing dizziness, diarrhea, impaired liver and kidney function, and loss of consciousness.

Before purchasing household chemicals, you should familiarize yourself with the composition indicated on the packaging and read the instructions. Try to avoid using chemical products with the following symbols:

Annoying All cleaning agents and detergents and their fumes cause coughing, inflammation of the respiratory tract, and redness if they come into contact with the skin. inflammation.	Harmful On solvents, paints, varnishes - these are very caustic and toxic substances.	Caustic In products for removing blockages and cleaning sewer pipes, these are acids and alkalis. Causes burns upon contact with skin. Work only with gloves.	Dangerous For the environment - terrestrial and aquatic animals, vegetation.

How to make your own safe cleaning products

For washing dishes

Bag of soap - All of us have a lot of soap leftover if we put 2-3 soaps in a bag made from an old microfiber cloth (take a piece of fabric measuring 10x10 cm and sew it, putting the soap in it). This is very convenient and the dishcloth turns out to be self-soaping.

Dishwashing gel- you can make it yourself, it will be much cheaper and less harmful than using industrial products. You will need:

• half a liter of hot water
• laundry soap – 25 gr.
• vodka - 1 tbsp. spoon
• glycerin - 4 tbsp. spoons

Grate the soap, add hot water, stir well, let cool. Then add vodka and glycerin and stir thoroughly. The result is a homogeneous liquid with foam that needs to be removed. Then pour the liquid into a container from the same Fary (any bottle of dishwashing gel with a dispenser). At first, the product will be liquid, then it will thicken a little and its consumption will be slightly higher than that of industrial gels, but it is a safer and cheaper dishwashing detergent.

For cleaning kitchen and bathroom surfaces and washing kitchen utensils

You can make this paste yourself with some effort. You will need:

• soap (preferably 72% laundry soap, but baby soap is also possible) - 100 g
• hot water – 200 ml
• mixer
• baking soda - 250 gr
• essential oil for scent (optional)
• You can add mustard to the finished paste, but only directly when washing greasy frying pans, frying pans, and pots.

The first thing is to grate the soap
Second, add hot water and beat with a mixer until thick foam, it will be sticky and stick to the mixer (no problem), beat for 10-15 minutes.
Third, add baking soda to the mixture; it will break up the sticky mass and give it a pleasant consistency. It is better to store the cleaning mixture in a glass jar with a lid to prevent it from drying out (photo 1).

• If you want the mass to be more liquid, then
• Add more water to the whipped soap (1.5-2 cups)
• A whole pack of baking soda (500g)
• As a result, the mass will be like this (photo 2).

Since the smell of laundry soap is not very pleasant, if you wish, if you are not allergic to essential oils, you can add any favorite scent. As for washing greasy kitchen utensils, adding mustard helps eliminate grease, but it should not be added to the container with the main mass, since it quickly deteriorates, it should be used directly.

Soda Ash

This is an effective, economical, natural, safe cleaning product! It differs from baking soda in varying degrees of alkaline activity. Soda ash is a stronger alkali (pH = 11), while baking soda is a weaker alkali (pH 8.1). Baking soda is a universal washing, cleaning, grease removing and water softening agent. Can be safely used for:

• washing floors
• cleaning bathtubs, sinks, tiles
• hand wash, machine wash (soaking linen and cotton fabrics)
• cleaning enamel, ceramic, earthenware dishes
• to prevent scale and soften hard water

But this soda, unlike baking soda, is more aggressive, so pure form it can only be stored in places inaccessible to children, away from food products, be sure to wear rubber gloves when using.

Just baking soda or forgotten laundry soap

As for the laundry soap we have forgotten, this is the most natural product of modern household chemicals, you just have to get used to the not very pleasant smell. And baking soda is a truly natural remedy that copes with any stains on any surfaces; it cleans perfectly:

Gel for washing clothes

For the gel you will need:

• laundry soap (or baby soap) - 50 g
• 1 liter of water
• soda ash 45 gr.
• optional essential oil

For air conditioner: If you add wine vinegar when rinsing (125-250 ml), you can soften the fabric and get rid of soap residue. You can make the following conditioner: for 1 liter of vinegar, 5 drops of essential oil (lavender, mint).

Grate the soap, add boiling water to the soap shavings, stir thoroughly. Then add soda ash, it is very important to mix well, after cooling you will get a thick gel. Soda will give the liquid a jelly-like state and a pearlescent tint. After cooling, you can add (optional) essential oil of your choice. Pour into some container or canister. If the gel is too thick, dilute it with boiling water before use. If the smell of laundry soap is completely unacceptable, you can replace the laundry soap with baby soap.

This product is suitable for automatic washing machines at a rate of 2 tbsp. spoons of thick gel per 5 kg of laundry. The linen washes well and becomes soft. This is an excellent product for allergy sufferers, since it has neither phosphates nor harmful surfactants, ideal for white linen and children's clothes. Since the gel contains soda ash, you should wear gloves when using the product, especially if there are lesions on the skin or increased sensitivity.

The disadvantage of this method is:

• Do not wash black or dark fabrics
• clothes with membrane and special coating, wool and silk fabrics
• It is better to put the gel directly into the drum

Amazing properties of toothpaste

Regular toothpaste Can be used for more than just brushing your teeth, as teeth whitening ingredients can help clean many things around the house, such as:

• taps, sinks
• glass shower doors
• jewelry
• chrome products
• smartphone surface, protect DVDs from damage
• you can remove black shuffling marks on white shoes or the soles of sports shoes
• deposits on the surface of the iron
• eliminates the smell of fish from your hands - wash your hands not with soap, but with toothpaste and the smell will go away
• Toothpaste with a whitening effect can remove stains from juice and other food, lipstick on white fabrics, without a whitening effect - on colored fabrics. You should apply the paste, rub it in the dirty area and wash the item in the machine.

Mold control

The ingredients listed below should be poured into a spray bottle and sprayed onto the moldy surface. You will need:

• half a liter of water
• 2 teaspoons tea tree essential oil
• Alcohol - 1 teaspoon

Vinegar is also effective in combating mold; it destroys up to 80% of fungal lesions. You can also add a little table vinegar to the water in a spray bottle and spray it on the problem surface.

Vinegar and lemon juice

Lemon juice is good for cleaning glass, removing rust from dishes, polishing silverware, and removing stains from clothes and china; exposure to sunlight increases its bleaching effect.

Vinegar is an excellent tool for treating toilets, cleaning tiles, tiles, removes mold, scale (boil a kettle with water and vinegar), effectively removes tar and wax stains, cleans brick and stone surfaces. To clean mirrors and glass, housewives have long used vinegar in the proportion of 2 teaspoons of vinegar per 1 liter of water.

Essential oils and essences

Spruce, lemon, orange, lavender are wonderful air fresheners. It is enough to add a few drops to a special aroma lamp and turn it on for 20 minutes.

1.Basic definitions and classification…………………………….…2

2.Harmful chemicals…………………………………….…….3

3.Industrial noise…………………………………………………….4

4.Industrial vibration………………………………………………………………..6

5.Natural and artificial lighting………………………………...8

6.Protection from the influence of harmful substances……………………………………...12

Literature………………………………………………………………………………..20

Dangerous and harmful production factors and measures to protect against them

1. Basic definitions and classification

A harmful production factor is a production factor, the impact of which on a worker, under certain conditions, leads to illness or decreased performance.

A hazardous production factor is a production factor, the impact of which on a worker, under certain conditions, leads to injury or other sudden deterioration in health.

A harmful occupational factor, depending on the intensity and duration of exposure, can become dangerous.

MPC (maximum permissible concentration) is an established safe level of a substance in the air of a working area (possibly in soil, water, snow), compliance with which allows maintaining the health of an employee during a work shift, normal work experience and upon retirement. Not transmitted negative consequence for subsequent generations.

MPL (maximum permissible level) is a characteristic applied to physical hazardous and harmful production factors. The meaning is reflected in the concept of maximum permissible concentration.

Harmful working conditions are working conditions characterized by the presence of harmful production factors that exceed hygienic standards and have an adverse effect on the body of the worker and (or) his offspring.

According to “GOST 12.0.003-74 SSBT. Dangerous and harmful production factors. Classification”, hazardous and harmful production factors (HPOF) are divided into:

1) physical - electric current, increased noise, increased vibration, decreased (increased) temperature, etc.;

2) chemical - substances harmful to humans, divided according to the nature of the effect (toxic, irritant, carcinogenic, mutagenic, etc.) and the route of penetration into the human body (respiratory organs, skin and mucous membranes, gastrointestinal tract);

3) biological – pathogenic microorganisms and their metabolic products;

4) psychophysiological - physical and emotional overload, mental overstrain, monotony of work, etc.

According to the nature of the impact on humans, HFPF can be associated with the labor process or with environmental exposure.

The impact of dangerous and harmful production factors on humans can be weakened or eliminated by the normal organization of workplaces, the improvement of technological processes, the use of collective and (or) individual protective equipment, etc.

Harmful chemicals

Harmful is a substance that, upon contact with the human body, causes work injuries, occupational diseases or health conditions. Classification of hazardous substances and general safety requirements were introduced by GOST 12.1.007-76.

The degree and nature of disruptions to the normal functioning of the body caused by a substance depends on the route of entry into the body, dose, time of exposure, concentration of the substance, its solubility, the state of the receiving tissue and the body as a whole, atmospheric pressure, temperature and other environmental characteristics.

The effect of harmful substances on the body can result in anatomical damage, permanent or temporary disorders, and combined consequences. Many highly active harmful substances cause disruption of normal physiological activity in the body without noticeable anatomical damage, effects on the functioning of the nervous and cardiovascular systems, general metabolism, etc.

Harmful substances enter the body through the respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract and through skin. Substances most likely enter the body in the form of gas, steam and dust through the respiratory system (about 95% of all poisonings).

The release of harmful substances into the air is possible during technological processes and work related to the use, storage, transportation of chemicals and materials, their extraction and production.

Dust is the most common unfavorable factor in the production environment. Numerous technological processes and operations in industry, transport, and agriculture are accompanied by the formation and release of dust; large contingents of workers can be exposed to it.

The basis for carrying out measures to combat harmful substances is hygienic regulation.

Maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) of harmful substances in the air of the working area are established by GOST 12.1.005-88.

Reduced exposure to non-functioning harmful substances wm do you achieve its complete elimination? by carrying out technological, sanitary, medical, preventive measures v use of personal protective equipment.

Technological measures include such as the introduction of continuous technologies, automation and mechanization of production processes, remote control, sealing of equipment, replacement of hazardous technological processes and operations with less dangerous and safe ones.

Sanitary measures: equipping workplaces with local exhaust ventilation or portable local suction, covering equipment with continuous dust-proof casings with effective air aspiration, etc.

When technological, sanitary and technical measures do not completely eliminate the presence of harmful substances in the air, there are no methods and instruments for their control, treatment and preventive measures are carried out: organization and conduct of preliminary and periodic medical examinations, breathing exercises, alkaline inhalations, provision of treatment and preventive food and milk, etc.

In these cases, special attention should be paid to the use of personal protective equipment, primarily for respiratory protection (filtering and insulating gas masks, respirators, safety glasses, special clothing).

Industrial noise

Intense noise exposure on the human body adversely affects the course of nervous processes, contributes to the development of fatigue, changes in the cardiovascular system and the appearance of noise pathology, among the diverse manifestations of which the leading clinical sign is a slowly progressive hearing loss of the type of cochlear neuritis.

In production conditions, sources of noise are operating machines and mechanisms, hand mechanized tools, electric machines, compressors, forging and pressing, lifting and transport, auxiliary equipment (ventilation units, air conditioners), etc.

Permissible noise characteristics of workplaces are regulated by GOST 12.1.003-83 “Noise, general safety requirements” (change I.III.89) and Sanitary standards for permissible noise levels in workplaces (SN 3223-85) with amendments and additions dated March 29, 1988 year No. 122-6/245-1.

Based on the nature of the spectrum, noise is divided into broadband and tonal.

Based on their time characteristics, noise is divided into constant and non-constant. In turn, non-constant noises are divided into time-fluctuating, intermittent and pulsed.

As characteristics of constant noise in workplaces, as well as to determine the effectiveness of measures to limit its adverse effects, sound pressure levels in decibels (dB) in octave bands with geometric mean frequencies of 31.5 are taken; 63; 125; 250; 1000; 2000; 4000; 8000 Hz.

As a general characteristic of noise in workplaces, an assessment of the sound level in dB(A) is used, which is the average value of the frequency characteristics of sound pressure.

A characteristic of non-constant noise in workplaces is the integral parameter - the equivalent sound level in dB(A).

The main measures to combat noise are technical measures that are carried out in three main areas:

- eliminating the causes of noise or reducing it at the source;

Reducing noise on transmission paths;

Direct protection of workers.

The most effective means of reducing noise is to replace noisy technological operations with low-noise or completely silent ones, but this way of combating is not always possible, so reducing it at the source is of great importance. Reducing noise at the source is achieved by improving the design or layout of that part of the equipment that produces noise, using materials with reduced acoustic properties in the design, installing an additional soundproofing device at the noise source or enclosure located as close as possible to the source.

One of the simplest technical means of combating noise on transmission paths is a soundproof casing, which can cover a separate noisy component of the machine.

A significant effect in reducing noise from equipment is provided by the use of acoustic screens that isolate the noisy mechanism from the workplace or service area of ​​the machine.

The use of sound-absorbing cladding for finishing the ceiling and walls of noisy rooms leads to a change in the noise spectrum towards lower frequencies, which, even with a relatively small decrease in level, significantly improves working conditions.

Considering that with the help of technical means it is currently not always possible to solve the problem of reducing noise levels, much attention should be paid to the use of personal protective equipment (antiphons, plugs, etc.). The effectiveness of personal protective equipment can be ensured by their correct selection depending on the levels and spectrum of noise, as well as monitoring the conditions of their use.

Industrial vibration

Long-term exposure to high levels of vibration on the human body leads to the development of premature fatigue, decreased labor productivity, increased morbidity and often the emergence of occupational pathology - vibration disease.

Vibration is the mechanical oscillatory movement of a system with elastic connections.

Vibration according to the method of transmission to a person (depending on the nature of contact with vibration sources) is conventionally divided into:

local (local), transmitted to the hands of the worker, and general, transmitted through supporting surfaces to the human body in a sitting position (buttocks) or standing (soles of feet). General vibration in the practice of hygienic regulation is designated as vibration of workplaces. In industrial conditions, there is often a combined effect of local and general vibration.

According to its physical characteristics, industrial vibration has a rather complex classification.

Based on the nature of the spectrum, vibration is divided into narrowband and broadband; in terms of frequency composition - low-frequency with a predominance of maximum levels in the octave bands of 8 and 16 Hz, mid-frequency - 31.5 and 63 Hz, high-frequency - 125, 250, 500, 1000 Hz - for local vibration;

for workplace vibration - 1 and 4 Hz, 8 and 16 Hz, 31.5 and 63 Hz, respectively.

According to the time characteristics, vibration is considered: constant, for which the value of the vibration velocity changes no more than 2 times (by 6 dB) during the observation time of at least 1 minute; non-constant, for which the vibration velocity changes by at least 2 times (by 6 dB) during an observation period of at least 1 minute.

Non-constant vibration, in turn, is divided into time-oscillating vibration, for which the level of vibration velocity continuously changes over time; intermittent, when the operator’s contact with vibration during work is interrupted, and the duration of the intervals during which the contact occurs is more than 1 s; pulse, consisting of one or more vibration impacts (for example, shocks), each lasting less than 1 s with a repetition rate of less than 5.6 Hz.

Industrial sources of local vibration are manual mechanized machines of impact, impact-rotational and rotational action with pneumatic or electric drive.

Impact instruments are based on the principle of vibration. These include riveting, chipping, jackhammers, and pneumatic rammers.

Impact-rotary machines include pneumatic and electric hammer drills. They are used in the mining industry, mainly in the drilling and blasting method of mining.

Manual rotary mechanized machines include grinders, drilling machines, electric and gas-powered saws.

Local vibration also occurs during sharpening, emery, grinding, polishing work performed on stationary machines with manual feeding of products; when working with hand tools without motors, for example, straightening work.

The main regulatory legal acts regulating the parameters of industrial vibrations are:

"Sanitary standards and rules for working with machines and equipment that create local vibration transmitted to the hands of workers" No. 3041-84 and "Sanitary standards for vibration of workplaces" No. 3044-84.

Currently, about 40 state standards regulate technical requirements to vibration machines and equipment, vibration protection systems, methods for measuring and assessing vibration parameters and other conditions.

The most effective means of protecting a person from vibration is to eliminate direct contact with vibrating equipment. This is done by using remote control, industrial robots, automation and replacement of technological operations.

Reducing the adverse effects of vibration of hand-held power tools on the operator is achieved through technical solutions:

reducing the intensity of vibration directly at the source (due to design improvements);

means of external vibration protection, which are elastic-damping materials and devices placed between the vibration source and the hands of the human operator.

In the complex of events important role is devoted to the development and implementation of scientifically based work and rest regimes. For example, the total time of contact with vibration should not exceed 2/3 of the duration of the work shift; It is recommended to establish 2 regulated breaks for active rest, physioprophylactic procedures, and industrial gymnastics according to a special complex.

In order to prevent the adverse effects of local and general vibration, workers must use personal protective equipment: mittens or gloves (GOST 12.4.002-74. “Personal hand protection from vibration. General requirements”); safety footwear (GOST 12.4.024-76. “Special vibration-proof footwear”).

At enterprises, with the participation of sanitary and epidemiological supervision of medical institutions and labor protection services, a specific set of medical and biological preventive measures should be developed, taking into account the nature of the influencing vibration and associated factors of the working environment.

5. Natural and artificial lighting

Light is a natural condition of human life, necessary for maintaining health and high productivity, and is based on the work of the visual analyzer, the most subtle and universal sense organ.

Light is electromagnetic waves of the optical range visible to the eye with a length of 380-760 nm, perceived by the retina of the visual analyzer.

There are 3 types of lighting used in industrial premises:

natural (its source is the sun), artificial (when only artificial light sources are used); combined or mixed (characterized by a simultaneous combination of natural and artificial lighting).

Combined lighting is used when natural lighting alone cannot provide the necessary conditions for production operations.

The current building codes and regulations provide for two artificial lighting systems: a general lighting system and a combined lighting system.

Natural lighting is created by natural light sources, direct solid rays and diffuse light from the sky (from sunlight scattered by the atmosphere). Natural lighting is biologically the most valuable type of lighting, to which the human eye is most adapted.

The following types of natural lighting are used in production premises: lateral - through light openings (windows) in the external walls; the upper one - through skylights in the ceilings; combined - through skylights and windows.

In buildings with insufficient natural lighting, combined lighting is used - a combination of natural and artificial light. Artificial lighting in a combined system can operate continuously (in areas with insufficient natural light) or turn on at dusk.

Artificial lighting in industrial enterprises is carried out by incandescent lamps and gas-discharge lamps, which are sources of artificial light.

General and local lighting is used in industrial premises. General - to illuminate the entire room, local (in a combined system) - to increase the illumination of only working surfaces or individual parts of equipment.

The use of other than local lighting is not permitted.

From the point of view of occupational hygiene, the main lighting characteristic is illumination (E), which is the distribution of luminous flux (F) on a surface of area (S) and can be expressed by the formula E = F/S.

Luminous flux (F) - the power of radiant energy, estimated by the amount it produces visual sensation. Measured in lumens (lm).

In the physiology of visual perception, important importance is attached not to the incident flux, but to the level of brightness of illuminated industrial and other objects, which is reflected from the illuminated surface in the direction of the eye. Visual perception is determined not by illumination, but by brightness, which is understood as a characteristic of luminous bodies equal to the ratio of the intensity of light in any direction to the area of ​​​​projection of the luminous surface on

a plane perpendicular to this direction. Brightness is measured in nits (nits). The brightness of illuminated surfaces depends on their luminous properties, the degree of illumination and the angle at which the surface is viewed.

Luminous intensity is the luminous flux propagating within a solid angle equal to 1 steradiant. The unit of luminous intensity is the candela (cd).

The luminous flux incident on the surface is partially reflected, absorbed or transmitted through the illuminated body. Therefore, the light properties of the illuminated surface are also characterized by the following coefficients:

reflection coefficient - the ratio of the light flux reflected by the body to the incident one;

transmittance - the ratio of the light flux passing through the medium to the incident one;

absorption coefficient - the ratio of the light flux absorbed by the body to the incident one.

The required levels of illumination are standardized in accordance with SNiP 23-05-95 "Natural and artificial lighting" depending on the accuracy of the production operations performed, the light properties of the working surface and the part in question, the lighting system."

Hygienic requirements that reflect the quality of industrial lighting include:

uniform distribution of brightness in the field of view and limitation of shadows;

limitation of direct and reflected glare;

limiting or eliminating fluctuations in light flux.

Uniform distribution of brightness in the field of view is important for maintaining human performance. If in the field of view there are constantly surfaces that differ significantly in brightness (illumination), then when moving the gaze from a bright to a dimly lit surface, the eye is forced to re-adapt. Frequent readaptation leads to the development of visual fatigue and makes it difficult to perform production operations.

The degree of unevenness is determined by the unevenness coefficient - the ratio of maximum to minimum illumination. The higher the accuracy of the work, the lower the unevenness coefficient should be.

Excessive glare (glare) is the property of luminous surfaces with increased brightness to disrupt the conditions of comfortable vision, worsen contrast sensitivity, or have both of these effects at the same time.

Lamps - light sources enclosed in fittings - are designed to properly distribute the light flux and protect the eyes from excessive brightness of the light source. The fittings protect the light source from mechanical damage, as well as smoke, dust, soot, moisture, and provide fastening and connection to the power source.

According to light distribution, luminaires are divided into luminaires of direct, diffused and reflected light. Direct light luminaires direct more than 80% of the luminous flux to the lower hemisphere due to the internal reflective enamel surface. Diffused light luminaires emit luminous flux into both hemispheres: some - 40-60% of the luminous flux downwards, others - 60-80% upwards. Indirect light luminaires direct more than 80% of the luminous flux upward to the ceiling, and the light reflected from it is directed downward into the work area.

To protect the eyes from the shine of the luminous surface of the lamps, the protective angle of the lamp is used - the angle formed by the horizontal

from the surface of the lamp (edge ​​of the luminous filament) and a line passing through the edge of the fittings.

Luminaires for fluorescent lamps mainly have direct light distribution. Measures of protection against direct glare include a protective angle, shielding grilles, and diffusers made of transparent plastic or glass.

With the help of appropriate placement of lamps in the volume of the working room, a lighting system is created. General lighting can be uniform or localized. The general placement of lamps (in a rectangular or checkerboard pattern) to create rational illumination is carried out when performing the same type of work throughout the room, with a high density of workplaces (assembly shops in the absence of a conveyor, wood finishing, etc.) General localized lighting is provided to be provided at a number of workplaces illumination in a given plane (thermal furnace, forging hammer, etc.), when an additional lamp is installed near each of them (for example, a slant light), as well as when performing work of various types in workshop areas or in the presence of shading equipment.

Local lighting is designed to illuminate the work surface and can be stationary or portable; incandescent lamps are more often used for it, since fluorescent lamps can cause a stroboscopic effect.

Emergency lighting is arranged in production premises and in open areas for the temporary continuation of work in the event of an emergency shutdown of working lighting (general network). It must provide at least 5% of the illumination normalized for a general lighting system.

6.Protection from the influence of harmful substances

The main reasons for the release or release of toxic substances into the environment are:

1. Violation of the technological process or insufficiently thought-out organization production processes(combination of works).

2. Defects in equipment (leaks).

3. Lack of installations for removing and trapping toxic substances from places of release.

4. Improper organization of labor (during excavation work, in deep wells, pits, poisoning of people can occur).

5. Failure to comply with the rules and requirements for working with toxic and harmful substances.

6. Use of substances prohibited for use in the production of work due to increased toxicity.

Measures to ensure work safety when in contact with harmful substances are divided into general and individual.

The use of certain means of neutralizing or preventing the effects of harmful substances is carried out after a thorough analysis of the air. Air analysis makes it possible to study sanitary and hygienic working conditions, find out and eliminate the causes of toxic substances entering the air in concentrations exceeding permissible standards, determine the concentration of toxic substances in the workplace, the efficiency and tightness of the equipment used.

To general events and means of preventing air pollution in production include: architectural, design and planning solutions; designation of sanitary protection zones during the design and development of facilities; improvement of technological equipment and technological processes;

Design solutions for tasks and structures must provide for devices and technical means that exclude the presence of harmful gases and vapors in the air of buildings and work areas and the formation of stagnant zones. With proper planning of the technological complex of the enterprise, it is located so that harmful emissions from one workshop do not fall into another. Therefore, technological installations in open areas and industrial buildings with harmful emissions are located downwind of other workshops. The distance between individual buildings must be at least half the sum of the heights of opposing buildings and at least 15 m.

Technical and organizational activities include:

Removal of harmful and especially toxic substances from technological processes, replacement of harmful substances with less harmful ones (replacement of dyes, solvents, pigments, etc. with less dangerous ones);

Compliance with the rules for storage, transportation and use of toxic substances. Toxic substances must be stored in separate, closed, well-ventilated warehouses, remote from residential buildings, canteens, reservoirs, wells, and also from workplaces. Warning notices must be posted in folds. Admission to the warehouse for storing toxic substances by unauthorized persons is prohibited;

An effective measure to reduce the emission of harmful substances in the work area are: improvement of technological equipment, the use of closed technological cycles, continuous transport flows, the use of wet methods for processing raw dust-producing materials (the use of pneumatic screw feeders, air chutes, augers, etc.);

A mandatory requirement is to seal the equipment. However, complete sealing is not always possible due to the presence of working holes. The most effective, in this case, is aspiration of aggregates with suction from under the shelter. The designs of such exhausts are varied: fume hoods, exhaust hoods, side exhausts with artificial or mechanical draft, etc. (Figure 2.3.1. - 2.3.3.);

Application of remote control technological processes with sealing of the operator's workplace, the use of mechanization and automation of production processes (excluding the presence of people in the work area);

Systematic cleaning of premises;

Ventilation of industrial premises and the use of special aspiration units;

Constant control over the content of harmful substances in the air of the working area;

Conducting medical examinations of workers, preventive nutrition, compliance with industrial sanitation and occupational hygiene rules.

Rice. 2.3.1.Scheme for sealing transfer conveyors:

a – with chop slabs;

b – with a suction funnel; 1 – feeding conveyor; 2 – upper cover; 3.7 – impact plate; 4 – suction funnels; 5 – sealing apron; 6 – lower shelter; 8 – receiving conveyor; 9 – sealing strip.

Fig.2.3.2. Exhaust hood: a - hood from above; b - side; c - suction device: 1-suction panel; 2-screen; 3-source of harm.

a-from the top hood;

b - with lower hood;

c - combined; g-umbrella-hood

Personal protective equipment

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is used when safe work conditions are not achieved due to general architectural design and planning solutions, as well as insufficient effectiveness of general collective protective equipment.

PPE is divided for insulating suits; respiratory protection equipment; special clothes; special shoes; protective equipment for hands, head, face, eyes, hearing organs; safety devices; protective dermatological products (GOST 12.4.011-89 “Protective means for workers. General requirements and classification”).

In work with harmful and dangerous working conditions, as well as in work associated with pollution or unsatisfactory weather conditions, workers are provided with free protective clothing, special footwear and other personal protective equipment, as well as detergents and disinfectants according to established standards (Article 8).

The procedure for issuing, maintaining and using PPE is determined by the “Regulations on the procedure for providing workers with special clothing, safety footwear and other personal protective equipment” (Order of the State Supervision Service dated May 7, 2004).

Personal respiratory protection equipment (PPE OD) is designed to protect against the effects of harmful gases, vapors, smoke, fog and dust contained in the air of the working area, as well as to provide oxygen when there is a lack of it in the surrounding atmosphere. PPE OD is divided into gas masks, respirators, pneumatic helmets, and pneumatic masks. According to the operating principle of PPE OD there are filtering and insulating (Fig. 2.3.4.)

In filter gas masks, the air is cleaned of harmful substances by filtration as it passes through the protective element. Filtering PPE OD cannot be used in the presence of unknown substances in the air, when great content harmful substances (more than 0.5% by volume), as well as with a reduced oxygen content (less than 18% when the norm is 21%). In these cases, it is necessary to use insulating PPE OD. Anti-aerosol filtering respirators are used in industry. They are divided into two types: cartridge ones, in which the front part and the filter element are separated into separate independent units, and filter masks, in which the filter element simultaneously serves as a face mask. Depending on the method of ventilation of the under-mask space, anti-aerosol respirators can be valveless or valved. According to operating conditions, respirators are distinguished between disposable and reusable. Respirators provide an easier way to protect the respiratory system from harmful substances (Fig. 2.3.5.).

The most widely used anti-dust respirators are ShB-1 “Lepestok” (domestic analogue of “Rostok”), Astra-2 F-S2SI, U-k, RPA, etc.; gas masks - RPG-67 (various modifications); universal – RU-60 MU (domestic analogue of “Topol”), GP-5, GP-5M, GP-7, GP-7V.

The filtering anti-aerosol valveless respirator ShB-1 “Petal” (Fig. 2.3.5.), which has three modifications: “Petal-200”, “Petal-40”, “Petal-5”, which have a color, has good protective and performance properties. the outer circle is respectively white, orange and blue (domestic analogue “Rostock”). The numbers 200, 40 and 5 mean that the corresponding modification of the respirator is intended to protect against fine and medium-disperse aerosols at concentrations in the air correspondingly exceeding the MPC by 200, 40 and 5 times.

To protect against coarse dust (particle size greater than 1 micron), respirators are used (regardless of the designation name and number), possibly with dust levels exceeding the maximum permissible concentration no more than 200 times. Each of the respirators has a specific purpose and is used at a certain oxygen content in the air, to protect against certain substances or groups of substances at certain concentrations. Its duration of work is also limited. Thus, the RPG-67 respirator is used when O2 in the air is at least 16%, RPG-67 is produced in four brands (RPG-67A; RPG-67V; RPG-67KD; RPG067G) depending on the brand of filter cartridges. The RPG-67A grade is designed for vapors of organic substances (gasoline, kerosene, acetone, alcohols, benzene and its homologues, ethers, etc., vapors of chlorine and organophosphorus pesticides). With a benzene content of 10 mg/m 3, the protective action time is at least 60 minutes. Basic data and purpose of respirators and gas masks are given in the passport. With a significant content of harmful substances and lack of oxygen in the air IP-46M; IP-4; IP-5.

Rice. 2.3.5. Respirators: a - “Petal”; b-RU-60; V-62SH; g-U-2k

The principle of their operation is based on the release of oxygen from chemicals when absorbing CO 2 and CO emitted by humans.

When performing work in conditions where local and industrial ventilation does not ensure the removal of dust and gas to the maximum permissible concentration level, the most suitable means of respiratory protection are gas masks PSh-1 and PSh-2, self-healing or forced flammable air.

Workwear includes: jackets, trousers, overalls, bib overalls, raincoats, frock coats, aprons, shoe covers, arm ruffles, etc.

For their production, new types of materials are used (synthetics, mixed fibers, oil-acid-resistant artificial fibers, etc.), which have special protective properties. According to GOST 12.4.103-80, special clothing, depending on the protective features, is divided into groups (subgroups), which have the following designations: M - for protection against mechanical damage; Z – from general industrial pollution; T – from increased or decreased temperature; R – from radioactive substances; And – from x-ray radiation; E – from electric fields; P – from non-toxic substances (dust); I am from toxic substances; B – from water; K – from acids; Ш – from alkalis; O – from organic solvents; N – from oil, petroleum products, oils and fats; B – from harmful biological factors:

Special shoes divided depending on purpose and protective ability. This includes: boots, galoshes, boots, boots, felt boots, etc. (Fig. 2.3.6.).

Head protection designed to protect the head from injury when working at height, as well as when objects potentially fall from a height: hard hats, helmets. Helmets are divided by purpose: builder-installer helmets, miners’ helmets, special-purpose helmets, etc.

To protect against the ingress of toxic substances, special headwear is used in the form of hats, caps, caps, etc.

To protect your face use protective masks (S-40), manual and universal brushes, protective net masks (S-39), etc.

To protect your hands Various types of mittens, gloves, finger guards, and dermatological products are used.

Rice. 2.3.6. Special footwear: a – combined boots, for protection from mechanical damage and the influence of high and low temperatures; b – rubber or polymer boots; c – dielectric boots; g – galoshes; d – leather boots for workers in highly dusty and explosive workshops; e – shoes, for protection from contact with heated surfaces.

According to GOST 12.4.103-80, hand protection equipment is classified similarly to workwear and safety footwear. They are designed to protect hands from high temperatures, mechanical damage, vibration, electric current from acids, alkalis, salts, etc. They are made from cotton, polymers, tarpaulin, rubber, asbestos, etc. depending on the purpose (Fig. 2.3.7.).

a, b, c – special mittens (type A, B, C); d – fur mittens (type B); d – two-finger fabric winter mittens; e – fabric gloves

For eye protection special protective glasses are used to protect against the ingress of solid and liquid particles of harmful substances (acids, alkalis, etc.), as well as from various types of radiation and mechanical damage. The type of safety glasses is adopted according to GOST 12.4.013-85 depending on the danger and type of work.

Dermatological protection products are used to protect the skin from contact contact with toxic substances. The pastes and ointments used are divided into hydrophilic and hydrophobic (water-wettable and water-repellent). Hydrophilic ones are used to protect the skin from the penetration of petroleum products, oils and fats. They wash off well with water. Hydrophobic ones are used to protect against the effects of alkalis and acids. Before starting work, pastes and ointments are applied to a cleanly washed skin surface. The most widely used pastes and ointments are used to protect hands and face (IER-1, YALOT, PM-1, Professor Selissky's ointment, HIOT, Professor Shapiro's paste, etc.).

It is necessary to strictly observe the rules of personal hygiene; before eating and after finishing work, you should thoroughly wash your hands with a brush and soap or other detergents in warm water. Washing your hands with benzene, toluene, gasoline or other solvents containing benzene is prohibited, because benzene and leaded gasoline are strong poisons. To quickly remove paint and to protect the skin of the face, neck and hands, they should be lubricated with protective ointment before starting work.

GOST 12.4.011-89 and GOST 12.4.103-83 contain a classification of protective equipment, where the scope of application is indicated and their groups and subgroups are labeled. The work manager, knowing what substances workers work with, is obliged, according to this GOST, to install protective equipment for workers.

In this case, the work manager must:

1. Study the atmosphere of the site or workshop, workplaces.

2. If there are toxic vapors and gases, then evaluate the maximum permissible concentrations and maximum permissible concentrations.

3. Taking into account toxicity and explosive limits, develop preventive measures.

4. Develop instructions that should reflect physical and chemicals harmful gases and vapors, symptoms of poisoning, first aid measures, listing medications and their dosage for each harmful substance.

5. Based on the composition of harmful gases, equip first aid kits in workshops.

Literature

1. “Analysis of industrial accidents. Labor protection. workshop" 98/2 M.

2. Evtushenko N.G., Kuzmin A.P. “Life safety in emergency situations” M. 94.

Harmful chemicals

The rapid development of the chemical industry and the chemicalization of the entire national economy have led to a significant expansion of the production and use of various chemicals in industry; the range of these substances has also expanded significantly: many new chemical compounds have been obtained, such as monomers and polymers, dyes and solvents, fertilizers and pesticides, flammable substances, etc. Many of these substances are not indifferent to the body and, when released into the air, work areas, directly on workers or inside their body, they can adversely affect the health or normal functioning of the body. Such chemicals are called harmful. The latter, depending on the nature of their action, are divided into irritants, toxic (or poisons), sensitizing (or allergens), carcinogenic and others. Many of them have several simultaneously harmful properties, and above all, toxic to one degree or another, therefore the concept of “harmful substances” is often identified with “toxic substances”, “poisons”, regardless of the presence of other properties in them.

Poisonings and diseases that arise from exposure to harmful substances during work in production are called occupational poisoning and diseases.

Causes and sources of release of harmful substances

Harmful substances in industry can be part of raw materials, final, by-products or intermediate products of a particular production. They can be of three types: solid, liquid and gaseous. The formation of dust of these substances, vapors and gases is possible.

Toxic dusts are formed due to the same reasons as ordinary dusts described in the previous section (crushing, burning, evaporation followed by condensation), and are released into the air through open openings, leaks in dust-producing equipment, or when they are poured openly.

Liquid harmful substances most often seep through leaks in equipment and communications, and splash when they are openly drained from one container to another. At the same time, they can get directly onto the skin of workers and have a corresponding adverse effect, and in addition, they can pollute the surrounding outer surfaces of equipment and fences, which become open sources of their evaporation. With such pollution, large surface areas for the evaporation of harmful substances are created, which leads to rapid saturation of the air with vapors and the formation of high concentrations. Most common reasons leakage of liquids from equipment and communications are their corrosion of gaskets in flange connections, loose taps and valves, insufficiently sealed seals, metal corrosion, etc.

If liquid substances are in open containers, evaporation also occurs from their surface and the resulting vapors are introduced into the air of the working premises; The more exposed surface of a liquid, the more it evaporates.

In the case when a liquid partially fills a closed container, the resulting vapors saturate the unfilled space of this container to the limit, creating very high concentrations in it. If there are leaks in this container, concentrated vapors can penetrate into the atmosphere of the workshop and pollute it. Vapor release increases if the container is under pressure. Massive vapor releases also occur when the container is filled with liquid, when the liquid is being poured. displaces accumulated concentrated vapors from the container, which enter the workshop through the open part or leaks (if the closed container is not equipped with a special air outlet outside the workshop). Vapors are released from closed containers with harmful liquids when opening lids or hatches to monitor the progress of the process, mix or load additional materials, take samples, etc.

If gaseous harmful substances are used as raw materials or obtained as finished or intermediate products, they, as a rule, are released into the air of work premises only through occasional leaks in communications and equipment (since if they are present in the equipment, the latter cannot be opened even for a short time ).

As was said in the previous section, gases can settle on the surface of dust grains and be carried along with them over certain distances. In such cases, places of dust emission can simultaneously become places of gas emission.

The source of the release of harmful substances of all three types (aerosol, vapor and gas) is often various heating devices: dryers, heating, roasting and melting furnaces, etc. Harmful substances in them are formed as a result of combustion and thermal decomposition of certain products. They are released into the air through the working openings of these furnaces and dryers, leaks in their masonry (burnouts) and from the heated material removed from them (molten slag or metal, dried products or burned material, etc.).

A frequent cause of massive releases of harmful substances is the repair or cleaning of equipment and communications containing toxic substances, with their opening and, especially, dismantling.

Some vaporous and gaseous substances, released into the air and polluting it, are sorbed (absorbed) by certain building materials, such as wood, plaster, brick, etc. Over time, such building materials become saturated with these substances and under certain conditions (temperature changes, etc. ) themselves become sources of their release into the air - desorption; therefore, sometimes even with the complete elimination of all other sources of harmful emissions, increased concentrations in the air can remain for a long time.