Formula of human urine. General urine analysis. Mechanism of urine formation

During the day, the human body absorbs beneficial substances and eliminates harmful ones. Urine output in a healthy person reaches 2 liters. The composition of urine and its quantity are not constant. These indicators depend on the time of year, ambient temperature, time of day, volume of liquid drunk and foods eaten, physical activity and the work of the sweat glands.

Urine - what is it?

The final product of human activity, which is formed in the kidneys and excreted through the urination channels, is called urine. It removes salts, toxic substances, and excess fluid from the body. Has characteristics that must meet the standard.

Education mechanism

The kidneys perform vitally important role, participate in the formation of urine. The education process occurs in 3 stages:

1. filtration;
2. reverse suction;
3. secretion.

Any disturbance in the mechanism of urine formation or its excretion affects the functioning of organs and is expressed in the form of a disease. The nephron is responsible for the process of formation and excretion of human urine. The kidney contains up to 1 million nephrons. The anatomy of the nephron consists of a tangle, a capsule of tubules, which together participate in the following processes described below.

Glomerular filtration

Filtration of the liquid occurs in the capsule under high pressure, which is ensured by the difference in the diameter of the afferent and efferent areolas. Filtration occurs of the liquid part of the blood, which consists of water mixed with organic and inorganic matter. Only low molecular weight material passes through the walls of capillaries, and globulin, platelets, and erythrocytes are unable to do so due to large sizes. The result is primary urine. The chemical composition of urine is similar to plasma. The volume of filtered primary product reaches 180 liters in 24 hours.

Reverse suction

The primary filtration product passes through the network of nephron ducts. The renal ducts are surrounded by blood vessels, which ensures the reabsorption into the blood of those materials that the body needs: amino acids, salts, glucose, liquid. From total value 98% of the primary product is absorbed, which equals 1.5 -2 liters. Secondary urine is formed, which is very different in composition from the primary.

Secretion in tubules

The final stage of urine formation, in which kidney tubule cells take part. Special enzymes promote the transfer of toxic components from blood vessels. This process allows urea, creatine, acid, creatinine, toxic components to leave the body.

Physical properties

The main component of urine is water. It contains a variety of additional components, about 70 g of dry components (urea, sodium chloride) are excreted together daily. The physical properties of urine can be changed, which significantly complicates its general analysis. The study of physical properties includes assessment of quantity, density, color, odor and transparency. To carry out the study, the urine temperature must be at room temperature to ensure proper chemical reactions.

Quantitative indicator

How much urine should the human body produce per day? The amount of moisture removed from the body is affected by the liquid you drink. The difference between them is called diuresis. Daily norm diuresis of an adult reaches up to 2 liters. If it is elevated after drinking heavily or during chills, this is normal. Increased work of the sweat glands and a decrease in fluid intake leads to a decrease in urine output.

In children, the normal volume of daily urine depends on age. Table age standards diuresis in 24 hours joxi.ru/823K853hpVjx2O The largest amount is released from 15 to 18 hours, the smallest from 3 to 6. If urine comes out during the day with a volume of less than 500 ml - this is a pathology called oliguria, up to 100 ml - anuria. The volume is greater than normal - polyuria.

Color Features

In adults, urine ranging from straw-yellow to concentrated yellow is considered normal; children's urine is much lighter. In a newborn baby it has no color. Color depends on concentration and pigment (urochrome). The concentrated one looks darker and its volume decreases. Color is affected by foods (beets) and pathological processes:

• red indicates organic kidney damage; a red color can be caused by taking sulfonamide drugs;
• a green tint is given by bile pigments contained in the urine or the presence of pus;
• brown tint is given by decayed blood cells, great content pigment or taking medications;
• white color indicates the presence of pus, about which during laboratory analysis says the indicator of pyuria, or fat.

Odor properties

When analyzed, it has no diagnostic value. But it has other characteristics:

• fresh liquid does not smell;
• stale smells of ammonia;
• the smell of ammonia is present with cystitis;
• The biofluid contains a fruity odor for diabetes;
• Products containing horseradish and garlic impart an unpleasant stench.

Transparency

Turbidity determines the degree of dissolution of the constituent parts. Fresh urine should look cloudy if it contains fats, salts, and cell cultures. The cause of the turbidity can be determined by performing an analysis: if the contents become transparent when the test tube is heated, the turbidity was caused by salts (urates). If the turbidity has not disappeared, an excipient (containing acetic or hydrochloric acid) and the cause of the cloudiness is determined (phosphates, oxolates or fats).

Chemical composition

The physicochemical qualities of urine are very complex. They include over 150 indicators of organic and inorganic components. How much protein compounds, sugar, pigments, urobilin, acetoacetic acid contained in the urine structure is determined by a general chemical analysis:

Acidity

To supply the body with the exchange of fluids, electrolytes, amino acids, glucose and acid balance, the kidneys remove harmful components and leave the necessary ones. Acidity (pH) is a determination of the effective functioning of the renal mechanism. A slightly acidic reaction is considered normal when the pH is 5.0-7.0. The level of acidity is influenced by many factors:

• body temperature;
• age characteristics;
• physical condition of the kidneys.

Most low rate acidity in the morning, the highest - after meals. An alkaline pH corresponds to the development of chronic urinary tract infections. Increased level acidity is inherent in a feverish state, diabetes mellitus, renal failure, tuberculosis of the kidneys or bladder.

Protein determination

Proteins in urine are found in minimal amounts. Their content should normally be no more than 0.002 g/l and cannot be determined during a single analysis and appears only in cases of renal pathologies. The higher the degree of damage in an organ, the greater the concentration of organic material. Another name is proteinuria. The extent of proteinuria can be determined by studying the daily norm.

Red blood cells and leukocytes

The degree of presence of red blood cells and white blood cells tells about the functioning of the whole organism as a whole. Any inflammation is reflected in the biofluid; this is revealed by general studies. Red blood cells supply oxygen to the tissue and protect against poisons. Leukocytes are responsible not only for the elimination of foreign bodies, but for the immune function of the body as a whole. Their non-compliance with the norm indicates health problems.

The biological norm for the level of red blood cells is 1-2 units. Their complete absence is also the norm. An increase in the level of red blood cells indicates an infectious, autoimmune or organic lesion in the kidneys. In such a situation, even a slight increase requires additional examination and repeated urine testing, and, if necessary, treatment.

The normal level of leukocytes in the biofluid is about 5 per field of view. All indicators that exceed this mark indicate an infectious or aseptic process. If the leukocyte volume is above 10, this indicates purulent processes. Determination of active leukocytes indicates inflammatory processes V genitourinary system, but does not indicate its concentration.

Human urine

Amount of urine. On average, a person excretes about 1.5 liters of urine per day. However, this amount is not constant and fluctuates within fairly wide limits. For example, the amount of urine excreted increases after drinking a large amount of liquid, consuming significant amounts of protein, the breakdown products of which increase the activity of the kidneys. On the contrary, urine production decreases when a person consumes little fluid, when food contains little protein, or when excessive sweating occurs and a significant amount of water is lost through sweat.

The intensity of urine formation fluctuates throughout the day. During the day, urine is produced more intensely than at night, even if a person drinks the same amount of water at night as during the day.

Rice. CRYSTALS OF SALTS INCLUDED IN NORMAL URINE. 1 - phosphate: 2 - acidic ammonium urate; 3 - carbon dioxide; 4 - uric acid; 5-oxalate.

Urine

The smallest amount of urine is produced between 2 and 4 am. A decrease in urine formation at night is associated with a decrease in organ activity during sleep and with a slight drop in blood pressure, due to which the pressure in the kidneys also decreases and filtration decreases.

Urine formation is also affected by physical work. During prolonged physical work, the amount of urine excreted decreases, firstly, because the capillary network of the muscles opens and flows to the muscles, and thereby the blood supply to the kidneys decreases, and secondly, because physical work is usually accompanied by sweating, and this also leads to to a decrease in urine formation.

Urine color

Urine is a clear, light yellow liquid. When standing, sediment forms. The resulting turbidity consists of salts and mucus.

Urine reaction. With abundant mixed food, the urine of a healthy person has a slightly acidic reaction. The reaction of urine is not constant and changes depending on nutrition.

When consuming predominantly meat foods and other protein-rich substances, the urine reaction becomes acidic; plant foods cause some alkalization and the urine reaction becomes neutral or even alkaline.

Specific gravity of urine. The specific gravity of urine varies depending on the amount of fluid taken. A large amount of water consumed causes a drop in specific gravity; on the contrary, when water supply is limited specific gravity rises. On average, the specific gravity of urine is 1015-1020.

The composition of urine includes nitrogen-containing protein breakdown products, soda (Fig.) and some acids. On average, 60 g of salts are excreted in urine per day.

In table The approximate amounts of some substances that make up urine are given.

It is excreted primarily in the composition of urea, which accounts for approximately 90% of the urea formed as a result of protein breakdown.

Normal urine does not contain protein, since, being a colloid, it does not pass through the walls of the capillaries. The appearance of protein in the urine indicates kidney disease. Protein can appear in the urine either as a result of a pathological change in the permeability of the capillary walls, when they begin to leak protein into the urine, or due to inflammatory processes in the kidneys.

Protein may appear for a short time in the urine of a healthy person during great physical stress. This is especially true for athletes who participate in running. The appearance of protein in the urine is the result of a temporary change in permeability vascular system kidney Soon normal operation the kidneys are restored, and the protein in the urine disappears in these people.

The appearance of protein in the urine is called albuminuria.

Sugar in the urine can appear in both patients and healthy people. In sick people, the release of sugar in the urine is observed when they have diabetes. In healthy people, sugar appears in the urine after consuming large amounts of sugar. The excretion of sugar in the urine is called glucose in the urine.

Human urine tablenumber of substances included in the composition urine (in urine excreted in 24 hours)

The appearance of blood in the urine, or hematuria, is observed with hemorrhages in the area of ​​the kidneys or urinary organs. The normal components of urine are pigments - urobilin and urochrome, which give urine its characteristic color. Urine pigments are formed in the intestines and kidneys from bile pigments, which in turn are formed from the breakdown products of hemoglobin.

URINE - WHAT IS IT?

Urine (translated from Latin urina - urine) is a type of excrement of humans and animals.

When you relieve yourself in a small way, you can see nothing more than urine, also known as urine. Urine is an integral part of the vital activity of the human body.

Urine - role in the body

The formation of urine and its removal from the body plays a very important role in ensuring the constancy of the internal water and chemical balance of substances in the body. Urine serves as a kind of conductor for the final products of metabolism in the body, as well as salts and toxins that enter it from the outside or during pathological processes, removing them from the body. That is why in case of illness and poisoning it is recommended to drink a lot of fluids - so that the body cleanses itself.

NOTE!!!

Urine has the effect of sympathetic ink - its recording is initially invisible, it becomes visible under certain conditions. If you write something with urine and then dry it, the writing will be almost invisible. You can reveal the written inscription by heating it, the urine will acquire a dark brown tint.

The process of urine formation

The final urine is formed in the kidneys as a result of filtration, reabsorption and secretion of blood. The process of its formation occurs in two stages, and urine is also divided into two types:

• Primary is blood that is initially filtered from low-molecular substances, among which there are both substances unnecessary for the body and those necessary for participation in metabolic processes. Primary urine is far from being the liquid that is excreted through the urethra; it is very different from final urine. In fact, it is practically blood, only without the protein. Initially, the blood passes through the outer layer of the kidney (the glomeruli), where it is filtered, turning into primary urine and entering the capsules.
• Secondary urine is the same urine that we send into the toilet. It is cut off as a result of the fact that primary urine passes through a complex system of renal filtering tubules. Thorough filtration occurs in them, for which colossal energy is spent, substances and water necessary for the body are absorbed, and all harmful components then pass through the tubules and are excreted in the form of secondary urine through the ureters into the bladder.

NOTE!!!

The process of filtering blood by the kidneys and processing it into urine is so intense that with its weight of 120 - 200 grams, it consumes approximately 1/11 of the total oxygen entering the body.

As a result, the kidneys filter 150-170 liters of primary urine per day, resulting in the formation of approximately 1.5 liters of urine - diuresis is the amount of urine excreted per day. These indicators may vary depending on a person’s life activity.

Composition and properties of urine

Urine is 97% water. The remaining 3% consists of organic and inorganic components.

Organic components:

• Urea (20 - 35 g)
• Ketone bodies (< 3 г)
• Amino acids (1 - 3 g)
• Creatinine (1 - 1.5 g)
• Uric acid (0.3 - 4.99 g)
• Glucose (< 0,16 г)
• Protein (< 0,15 г)
• Hippuric acid (0.15 g)
• Creatine (0.05 - 0.1 g)

Inorganic components:

• Cations (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, NH4+,)
• Anions (Cl−, SO42−, HPO42−)
• Other ions (in small quantities)

Normally, urine has a light yellow transparent color, the color is given to it by urobilin, it can be more or less saturated depending on its concentration. Some medicines and foods can temporarily change the color of urine.

Possible urine color conditions:

• Polyuria - urine is lighter in color.
• Oliguria - urine is more saturated.
• Red or rose-red may be in the presence of fresh blood.
• A reddish color appears when beets are consumed.
• Gray-pink color - hematuria, bleeding from the high parts.
• Black color - myoglobinuria.
• Milky white - chyluria.
• The presence of fat in the urine is lipuria.

Urine - areas of application

Urine is an important diagnostic element in medicine. Based on its chemical composition, a number of diseases and abnormalities in the functioning of the body can be determined. It is also actively used in pharmaceuticals. The urine of humans and animals is used to obtain hormones used in the production of medicines. In the area alternative medicine highlight a whole direction in which urine is the main healing component -. Modern medicine questions the benefits of such treatment and even believes that it can be dangerous to health.

Urine can serve as fertilizer for plants. It contains nutrients such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, which are absorbed by the root system of plants. But only in a minimum concentration in an aqueous solution of 10:1, in otherwise excess salts will simply burn the plant. It also contains large number nitrogen, which also interferes with the normal growth and development of plants. Urine as a fertilizer should be used extremely carefully and it is advisable to first study the composition of the soil.

As you can see, urine performs an extremely important function in human life; it takes on the very dirty work without which our body will die.

This concludes our article. On the air and we are always glad to see you.

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Urine is a human waste product secreted by the kidneys, which is an indicator of the state of his health. It plays an important role in maintaining a constant internal environment and removing toxins and salts from the body. If there are any abnormalities in the functioning of the body, the properties and composition of urine may change.

What is urine?

Urine is a biological fluid formed in the excretory organs as a result of the filtration of blood and the release of metabolic products and water from it. This process occurs in the nephrons, an integral part of the kidneys. consists of a glomerulus, a surrounding capsule, tubules and tubules.

A ureter emerges from each kidney, through which urine enters the bladder, from where it is excreted from the body through the urethra.

Mechanism of primary urine formation

Urine is formed in several stages:

1. Filtration.
2. Reabsorption (reabsorption).

The filtration process occurs directly in the nephrons. Blood with substances dissolved in it enters the nephron glomerulus, where, due to the difference in pressure, it is filtered. As a result, primary urine is formed. It contains water, mineral salts, nitrogenous compounds (urea, ), glucose, amino acids, and toxins. During the day, an average of 180 liters of primary urine is released. Where does she go?

Thanks to reabsorption, it is almost completely absorbed back into the blood through the nephron tubules. Normally, no nutrients should be excreted in urine.

As a result, secondary urine is formed containing water, sodium, potassium, hydrogen, etc. ions. The body no longer needs these components; they are the ones that enter the ureter.

If we compare primary and secondary urine, the first is similar in composition to blood plasma, while the second contains toxins and substances that are present in excess in the blood.

Normal indicators and composition of urine

The functioning of the body is assessed by determining the composition of urine, which affects its properties. There are physical and chemical properties urine.

Structure of the released liquid

Note! Urine also has the formula: (NH2)2CO

Of the inorganic substances in urine, there are ions of sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium, chlorine, and sulfates. Their percentage depends on the nutritional characteristics. Normally, the most mineral substance in urine is sodium – 0.35%. The percentage of sulfates is 0.18%, potassium and phosphates are 0.15% each.

What should not be in urine:

• red blood cells;
• squirrel;
• Sahara;
• acetone;
• mucus;
• microorganisms.

Composition of urine:

Chemical indicators

The chemical properties of urine are affected by its composition. The following characteristics depend on it:

• environmental reaction;
• transparency;
• density.

The reaction of urine is neutral, closer to slightly acidic, which is due to the concentration of hydrogen ions. This indicator depends on the dietary habits: for vegetarians it is alkaline, but when eating meat it becomes acidic. In children, urine is acidic at birth, but after 6 days it becomes alkaline.

Normally, urine is transparent, regardless of color, but with an excess of various salts, protein, pus,... Salt precipitates form a precipitate, which disappears when heated or added with various reagents.

One of important properties urine - foaminess. urine does not foam; unstable foam may form.

The density of urine depends on the concentration of sodium and urea salts in it. This figure should not be lower than 1018 g/l. As the ambient temperature increases, the density decreases by 1 g/ml for every 3 degrees.

There is a relationship between the color and density of urine. The lighter it is, the less dense it is. More concentrated is characterized by high density and is most often accompanied by dehydration.

Main indicators of urine status:

Physical properties

Physical properties help evaluate urine by external signs. These include:

• smell;
• color;
• volume.

Urine does because it contains ammonia. When exposed to oxygen, ammonia oxidizes and the odor becomes more pungent.

The color of urine is normally light yellow, which is due to the presence of bile pigments. The more fluid a person drinks, the lighter his urine becomes. With an increase in sweating, accompanied by a decrease in urination, the concentration of bile pigments increases, as a result of which the color of the urine becomes darker. Color may change when taking medications.

During the day, the human body normally produces 1.5-2 liters of urine. This volume depends on drinking regime and weather. In winter, a person produces more urine, and in summer, some of the moisture is lost as a result of sweating. The ratio of fluid consumed and excreted is called diuresis.

Color

Transparency (Haze)

Density

The pH of urine with a mixed diet is 5-7. The acidity of urine increases from meat foods, with severe physical activity, starvation, fevers, diabetes mellitus, tuberculosis.

The acidity of urine is reduced by plant foods, mineral water, with cystitis, severe vomiting. Changes in acidity can lead to the formation of stones.

Normal urine density is 1010 – 1025 g/l. Characterizes the concentration function of the kidneys.

P An increase in urine density occurs with a decrease in fluid intake, increased fluid loss, oliguria, and diabetes mellitus.

A decrease in urine density is observed with prolonged fasting, a protein-free diet, chronic glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, and diabetes insipidus.

Normally, urine is clear. Cloudy urine may be due to excess urate, phosphate, oxalate, lipids, or leukocytes in the urine.

Normal urine color ranges from straw yellow to deep yellow. It is caused by urochrome, urobilin, etc.

Increasing Intensity Coloring of urine occurs with edema, diarrhea, and vomiting.

Reddish color(meat slops) – for hematuria, hemoglobinuria.

Greenish yellow color– with obstructive jaundice and the presence of pus in the urine.

Greenish-brown color(beer color) – with parenchymal jaundice.

Dark, almost black color– with hemolytic anemia (hemoglobinuria).

whitish color– with phosphaturia and lipuria (lipids).

Urine color changes with certain medications

Red- from antipyrine, amidopyrine.

Pink– from taking aspirin, also carrots, beets.

Brown– from taking phenol, cresol, activated carbon.

The main component of urine is water (1-2 l/day), in which the dry residue (60 g/day) is dissolved. The dry residue is represented by organic and inorganic compounds.

Daily human urine contains 47–65 g of solids. Among them, approximately two thirds are organic compounds (catabolic products of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, hormones and their metabolites, pigments) and one third are inorganic substances (sodium, potassium, calcium, chlorides, phosphates, bicarbonates).

Normal

Urea– the main organic component of urine (20 – 35 g/day). The content of urea excreted in the urine increases with the consumption of food rich in proteins, with increased breakdown of proteins in the body; decreases – with liver diseases, renal dysfunction.

Amino acids– in the daily amount of urine is about 1.1 g. An increase in the excretion of amino acids in the urine occurs in liver diseases, reabsorption disorders in the renal tubules, and in congenital disorders of amino acid metabolism (for example, with phenylketonuria, the content of the amino acid phenylalanine and its keto derivatives in the urine increases).

Creatine– practically absent in the urine of adults; it appears in it if the level of creatine in the blood serum exceeds 0.12 mmol/l (for example, when consuming significant amounts of creatine with food, in early childhood, in the elderly, as well as with progressive muscular dystrophy).

Creatinine– final product nitrogen metabolism, is formed in muscle tissue from creatine phosphate. The daily release of creatine (in men 18–32 mg/kg body weight, in women 10–25 mg/kg body weight) is a constant value and depends mainly on muscle mass.

Uric acid– end product of purine metabolism (0.5 – 1.0 g/day). The excretion of uric acid in the urine increases when eating foods rich in nucleoproteins, with gout, with leukemia, hepatitis, and excess steroids; decreases with a diet poor in purines.

Sodium chloride is the main mineral component of urine solids (8 – 15 g/day). An increase in the amount of NaCl in daily urine can be observed with excessive consumption of salts with food and when introduced into the body large quantities physiological solution; reduction – in some diseases (chronic nephritis, rheumatism, diarrhea).

Ammonia excreted in urine in the form of ammonium salts. Their content in human urine reflects the acid-base state. With acidosis, the amount of ammonium salts in the urine increases, with alkalosis it decreases.

Lactic, pyruvic, oxalic, succinic, acetic, propionic, valeric and other acids. Their excretion in urine does not exceed 1 g/day. An increase in their concentration is observed with intense muscle load, hypoxia, diabetes mellitus, and fasting.

Various substances are excreted from the body in urine toxic substances , after their neutralization in the liver by conjugation with sulfuric or glucuronic acids.