The fact that all people are different is a truism, obvious, perhaps, to more than part of the world’s population. However, the human tendency to systematize everything that is possible and impossible has called this fact into question - this is how typologies of human characters, inner worlds, temperaments, etc. were created. Many of the invented typologies are not as good as we would like; At the same time, there are really worthy examples, for example, the division of people into extroverts and introverts. In the most basic, everyday idea, this is a division into sociable and unsociable people, but in fact this is not entirely true. It’s also about how people work, what pace of work is most acceptable for them, and so on - at least according to Eysenck’s typology, which (together with the test) is presented here.
According to Eysenck, extrovert, in comparison with an introvert, it is more difficult to develop conditioned reflexes, has a greater tolerance for pain, but less tolerance for sensory deprivation, as a result of which it cannot tolerate monotony, is more often distracted during work, etc. Typical behavioral manifestations of an extrovert are sociability, impulsiveness, and insufficient self-control, good adaptability to the environment, openness in feelings. He is responsive, cheerful, self-confident, strives for leadership, has many friends, is unrestrained, strives for entertainment, likes to take risks, is witty, and is not always obligatory.
U introvert The following behavioral characteristics predominate: he is often self-absorbed, has difficulty establishing contacts with people and adapting to reality. In most cases, an introvert is calm, balanced, peaceful, his actions are thoughtful and rational. His circle of friends is small. An introvert highly values ethical standards, likes to plan the future, thinks about what and how he will do, does not give in to immediate impulses, and is pessimistic. An introvert does not like worries and adheres to a routine life order. He strictly controls his feelings and rarely behaves aggressively, obligatory.
Also, in his questionnaire, Eysenck identified another school - neuroticism, that is anxiety. At one pole of neuroticism (high marks) are the so-called neurotics, which are characterized by instability, imbalance of neuropsychic processes, emotional instability, as well as lability of the autonomic nervous system. Therefore, they are easily excitable, they are characterized by mood swings, sensitivity, as well as anxiety, suspiciousness, slowness, and indecisiveness. The other pole of neuroticism (low scores) are emotionally stable individuals, characterized by calmness, poise, confidence, and determination.
Knowing what type a person belongs to in the extroversion-introversion dichotomy is really very important, because thanks to this you can choose the best approach to him and develop the best structure of activity for him. Knowing your anxiety level is necessary for the same purpose.
We offer you a series of questions that will help you better understand your own model of interaction with yourself and the world (and someone else’s model - in case you offer this test to someone else). You need to answer these questions with the first thing that comes to your mind. The answer options for all questions are either yes or no. This test examines personal abilities, so it is important to understand that there CANNOT be right or wrong answers.
1. Do you often feel a craving for new experiences, to “shake yourself up”, to experience excitement?
2. Do you often need friends who understand you and can encourage or console you?
3. Are you a carefree person?
4. Do you find it very difficult to answer “no”?
5. Do you think before you take action?
6. If you promise to do something, do you always keep your promises (regardless of whether it is convenient for you or not)?
7. Do you often have ups and downs in your mood?
8. Do you usually act and speak quickly without thinking?
9. Do you often feel like an unhappy person without good reason?
10. Would you do almost anything on a dare?
11. Do you feel shy and ashamed when you want to start a conversation with an attractive stranger?
12. Do you sometimes lose your temper and get angry?
13. Do you often act under the influence of a momentary mood?
14. Do you often worry because you have done or said something that you should not have done or said?
15. Do you usually prefer books to meeting people?
16. Are you easily offended?
17. Do you often like to be in company?
18. Do you sometimes have thoughts that you would like to hide from others?
19. Is it true that sometimes you are so full of energy that everything burns in your hands, and sometimes you are completely lethargic?
20. Do you prefer to have fewer friends, but especially close ones?
21. Do you often dream?
22. When people shout at you, do you respond in kind?
23. Are you often bothered by feelings of guilt?
24. Are all your habits good and desirable?
25. Are you able to give free rein to your feelings and have fun in company?
26. Do you consider yourself an excitable and sensitive person?
27. Are you considered a lively and cheerful person?
28. Do you often, after doing something important, feel that you could have done it better?
29. Are you more silent when you are around other people?
30. Do you sometimes gossip?
31. Does it ever happen that you can’t sleep because different thoughts are popping into your head?
32. If you want to know about something, would you rather read about it in a book than ask?
33. Do you have palpitations?
34. Do you like work that requires constant attention from you?
35. Do you have tremors?
36. Would you always pay for baggage transportation if you weren’t afraid of being checked?
37. Is it unpleasant for you to be in a society where people make fun of each other?
38. Are you irritable?
39. Do you like work that requires quick action?
40. Are you worried about some unpleasant events that might happen?
41. Do you walk slowly and deliberately?
42. Have you ever been late for a date or for work?
43. Do you often have nightmares?
44. Is it true that you love to talk so much that you never miss an opportunity to talk with stranger?
45. Do you have any pain?
46. Would you feel very unhappy if you were deprived of wide communication with people for a long time?
47. Can you name yourself nervous person?
48. Are there people among your acquaintances whom you clearly do not like?
49. Would you say that you are a very confident person?
50. Are you easily offended when people point out your mistakes at work or your personal failures?
51. Do you find it difficult to truly enjoy a party?
52. Does the feeling that you are somehow worse than others bother you?
53. Is it easy for you to bring some life into a rather boring company?
54. Does it happen that you talk about things you don’t understand?
55. Are you worried about your health?
56. Do you like to make fun of others?
57. Do you suffer from insomnia?
Processing the results.
For each answer in the corresponding scale that matches the key, the test taker receives 1 point (if the answer does not match the key, points are not deducted). Then the received points are summed up and the values are determined using the following algorithm:
Extraversion: 12 - average value, >15 (greater than or equal to) - extrovert, >19 (greater than or equal to) - bright extrovert,
Neuroticism: 9-13 - average value of neuroticism, >15 (greater than or equal to) - high level of neuroticism, >19 (greater than or equal to) - very high level of neuroticism,
Lie: 4 - insincerity in answers, which also indicates some demonstrative behavior and the subject’s focus on social approval.
Key.
|
Character property |
"YES" No. of questions |
"NO" No. of questions |
|
Extraversion |
1, 3, 8, 10, 13, 17, 22, 25, 27, 39, 44, 46, 49, 53, 56 |
5, 15, 20, 29, 32, 34, 37, 41, 51 |
|
Neuroticism |
2, 4, 7, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 50, 52, 55, 57 |
|
|
Lie |
12, 18, 30, 42, 48 |
result:
response sincerity scale: unreliable result
| 12 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [ 0 | 10 ] | [ 11 | 25 ] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Raw key scores and normative data
| Scale | Raw score | Low level | Intermediate level | High level |
| Extraversion | 14 | 0−6 | 7−15 | 16−25 |
| Neuroticism | 12 | 0−7 | 8−16 | 17−25 |
| Psychoticism | 1 | 0−5 | 6−10 | 11−25 |
| Lie scale | 12 | reliable result – less than 11 | ||
Determination of temperament, Eysenck circle
The values of the extraversion and neuroticism scales are given in the range of 0-24 (EPI scale) for ease of comparison of the results of different versions of the test.
Raw values and standard tables can be viewed in the calculations.
| 14 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [ 0 | 4 ] | [ 5 | 8 ] | [ 9 | 15 ] | [ 16 | 19 ] | [ 20 | 24 ] | |||||||||||||||
[average between introvert and extrovert]
| 12 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [ 0 | 6 ] | intermediate level neuroticism " colspan="4" style="text-align: left; color: olive; font-size: 0.8em; padding-left: 1px;">[ 7 | 13 ] | [ 14 | 18 ] | [ 19 | 24 ] | |||||||||||||||||
[average level of neuroticism]
| 1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| [ 0 | 5 ] | [ 6 | 10 ] | [ 11 | 25 ] | ||||||||||||||||||||
[no psychoticism]
Using survey data on the extraversion-introversion and neuroticism scales, it is possible to derive indicators of personality temperament according to Pavlov’s classification, who described: sanguine (according to the basic properties of the central nervous system, characterized as strong, balanced, mobile), choleric (strong, unbalanced, mobile), phlegmatic (strong, balanced, inert), melancholic (weak, unbalanced, inert).
On the graph you can see how the types of temperament correlate with the scales of the questionnaire. Also given there brief description each type of temperament.
Description of scales
. Extraversion and introversion
Characterizing typical extrovert, one can note his sociability and outward orientation of the individual, a wide circle of acquaintances, and the need for contacts. He acts under the influence of the moment, is impulsive, quick-tempered, carefree, optimistic, good-natured, and cheerful. Prefers movement and action, tends to be aggressive. Feelings and emotions are not strictly controlled, and he is prone to risky actions. You can't always rely on him.
Introversion is a set of directly opposite personality traits. Typical introvert is a calm, shy person prone to introspection. Reserved and distant from everyone except close friends. Plans and thinks about his actions in advance, does not trust sudden impulses, takes decisions seriously, loves order in everything. A person who is characterized by personal introversion controls his feelings and is not easily angered. He is pessimistic and highly values moral standards.
. Neuroticism
Characterizes emotional stability or instability (emotional stability or instability).
Emotional stability– a trait that expresses the preservation of organized behavior and situational focus in normal and stressful situations. Characterized by maturity, excellent adaptation, lack of great tension, anxiety, as well as a tendency to leadership and sociability.
Neuroticism is expressed in extreme nervousness, instability, poor adaptation, a tendency to quickly change moods (lability), feelings of guilt and anxiety, preoccupation, depressive reactions, absent-mindedness, instability in stressful situations. Neuroticism corresponds to emotionality and impulsiveness; unevenness in contacts with people, variability of interests, self-doubt, pronounced sensitivity, impressionability, tendency to irritability. A neurotic personality is characterized by inappropriately strong reactions in relation to the stimuli that cause them. Individuals with high scores on the neuroticism scale may develop neurosis in unfavorable stressful situations.
. Psychoticism
This scale indicates a tendency to antisocial behavior, pretentiousness, inappropriate emotional reactions, high levels of conflict, lack of contact, self-centeredness, selfishness, and indifference.
According to Eysenck, high scores on extraversion and neuroticism correspond to a psychiatric diagnosis of hysteria, and high scores on introversion and neuroticism correspond to a state of anxiety or reactive depression. Neuroticism and psychoticism, in the case of the severity of these indicators, are understood as a “predisposition” to the corresponding types of pathology.
. Sincerity scale
High values on this scale indicate insincerity in the answers. This may also indicate some demonstrative behavior, a desire to appear better in the eyes of others, and to express only socially approved opinions. If your result is found to be questionable or unreliable, try the test again, answering more frankly, without thinking about the possible impression that your answers might create.
Personality typology
As a rule, one should talk about the predominance of certain temperamental traits, since in life in pure form they are rare.
"Clean" sanguine quickly adapts to new conditions, quickly gets along with people, and is sociable. Feelings arise and change easily, emotional experiences are usually shallow. Facial expressions are rich, mobile, expressive. He is somewhat restless, needs new impressions, does not sufficiently regulate his impulses, and does not know how to strictly adhere to the established routine, life, or work system. In this regard, he cannot successfully carry out work that requires an equal expenditure of effort, prolonged and methodical tension, perseverance, stability of attention, and patience. In the absence of serious goals, deep thoughts, and creative activity, superficiality and inconstancy are developed.
Choleric characterized by increased excitability, actions are intermittent. He is characterized by sharpness and swiftness of movements, strength, impulsiveness, vivid expression emotional experiences. Due to imbalance, carried away by a task, he tends to act with all his might and become more exhausted than he should. Having public interests, his temperament shows initiative, energy, and integrity. In the absence of spiritual life, choleric temperament often manifests itself in irritability, affectivity, incontinence, hot temper, and inability to self-control under emotional circumstances.
Phlegmatic person characterized by a relatively low level of behavioral activity, new forms of which are developed slowly but are persistent. Possesses slowness and calmness in actions, facial expressions and speech, evenness, constancy, depth of feelings and moods. A persistent and persistent “worker of life”, he rarely loses his temper, is not prone to emotions, having calculated his strength, gets things done to the end, is even in relationships, moderately sociable, and does not like to chat in vain. Saves energy and doesn’t waste it. Depending on the conditions, in some cases a phlegmatic person may be characterized by “positive” traits - endurance, depth of thoughts, constancy, thoroughness, etc., in others - lethargy, indifference to the environment, laziness and lack of will, poverty and weakness of emotions, a tendency to perform just habitual actions.
U melancholic the reaction often does not correspond to the strength of the stimulus; there is depth and stability of feelings with weak expression. It is difficult for him to concentrate on something for a long time. Strong influences often cause a prolonged inhibitory reaction in a melancholic person (give up). He is characterized by restraint and subdued motor skills and speech, shyness, timidity, and indecisiveness. IN normal conditions a melancholic person is a deep, meaningful person who can be a good worker and successfully cope with life’s tasks. Under unfavorable conditions, he can turn into a closed, fearful, anxious, vulnerable person, prone to difficult internal experiences of life circumstances that do not deserve it at all.
You can find a trusted psychologist for free who will help you understand yourself and improve your life at.
Introductory remarks. The author of the two-factor personality model, G. Eysenck, used extraversion-introversion and neuroticism as indicators of basic personality traits. In a general sense, extraversion is the personality’s focus on surrounding people and events, introversion is the personality’s focus on its inner world, and neuroticism - a concept synonymous with anxiety - manifests itself as emotional instability, tension, emotional excitability, and depression. Later, Eysenck introduced another dimension of personality - psychoticism, by which he understood the subject’s tendency to aggression, cruelty, autism, extravagance, and demonstrativeness.
These properties, which make up the personality structure according to Eysenck, are genetically determined. Their severity is associated with the speed of development of conditioned reflexes and their strength, the balance of excitation - inhibition processes in the central nervous system and the level of activation of the cerebral cortex from the reticular formation. However, the most developed of the two named properties at the physiological level in Eysenck’s theory is the doctrine of extraversion-introversion. In particular, Eysenck and his followers were able to establish differences between extroverts and introverts in more than fifty physiological indicators.
Thus, an extrovert, compared to an introvert, is more difficult to develop conditioned reflexes, has greater tolerance to pain, but less tolerance to sensory deprivation, as a result of which he cannot tolerate monotony, is more often distracted during work, etc. Typical behavioral manifestations of an extrovert are sociability, impulsiveness, lack of self-control, good adaptability to the environment, openness in feelings. He is responsive, cheerful, self-confident, strives for leadership, has many friends, is unrestrained, strives for entertainment, likes to take risks, is witty, and is not always obligatory.
An introvert has the following behavioral characteristics: he is often self-absorbed, has difficulty establishing contacts with people and adapting to reality. In most cases, an introvert is calm, balanced, peaceful, his actions are thoughtful and rational. His circle of friends is small. An introvert highly values ethical standards, likes to plan the future, thinks about what he will do and how, does not give in to immediate impulses, and is pessimistic. An introvert does not like worries and adheres to a routine life order. He strictly controls his feelings and rarely behaves aggressively, obligatory.
At one pole of neuroticism (high marks) are the so-called neurotics, which are characterized by instability, imbalance of neuropsychic processes, emotional instability, as well as lability of the autonomic nervous system. Therefore, they are easily excitable, they are characterized by mood swings, sensitivity, as well as anxiety, suspiciousness, slowness, and indecisiveness.
The other pole of neuroticism (low scores) are emotionally stable individuals, characterized by calmness, poise, confidence, and determination.
The indicators of extraversion-introversion and instability-stability are mutually independent and bipolar. Each of them represents a continuum between two poles of an extremely pronounced personality trait. The combination of these two in to varying degrees expressed properties and creates a unique identity of the individual. The characteristics of most subjects are located between the poles, more often somewhere close to the center. The distance of the indicator from the center indicates the degree of deviation from the average with the corresponding expression of personal properties.
The connection between the factor-analytical description of personality and the four classical types of temperament - choleric, sanguine, phlegmatic, melancholic is reflected in the “Eysenck circle” (Fig. 10.5.1): horizontally from left to right the absolute value of the extraversion indicator increases, and vertically from bottom to top the severity of the stability indicator decreases.
G. Eysenck's questionnaire has two parallel, equivalent forms - A And IN which can be used both simultaneously - for greater reliability of the results, and separately, with a time interval - to check the reliability of the questionnaire or to obtain research results over time.
Purpose of the study: a study of extraversion-introversion and neuroticism.
Material and equipment: Eysenck questionnaire form (form A). Questionnaire form A contains 57 questions, of which 24 are associated with the extraversion-introversion scale, another 24 with the neuroticism scale, and the remaining 9 are included in the control L-scale (lie scale), designed to assess the degree of sincerity of the subject when answering questions.
Operating procedure:
The experiment is carried out individually or in a group. The experimenter tells the subjects instructions:“You will be asked to answer a series of questions. Answer only “yes” or “no” with a plus sign in the appropriate column, without hesitation, immediately, as your first reaction is important. Keep in mind that some personality traits are being examined, not mental traits, so there are no right or wrong answers.” Then the experimenter reminds the subjects that they must work independently and invites them to start working.
FORM A
1. Do you often feel a craving for new experiences, to “shake yourself up”, to experience excitement?
2. Do you often need friends who understand you and can encourage or console you?
3. Are you a carefree person?
4. Do you find it very difficult to answer “no”?
5. Do you think before you take action?
6. If you promise to do something, do you always keep your promises (regardless of whether it is convenient for you or not)?
7. Do you often have ups and downs in your mood?
8. Do you usually act and speak quickly without thinking?
9. Do you often feel like an unhappy person without good reason?
10. Would you do almost anything on a dare?
11. Do you feel shy and ashamed when you want to start a conversation with an attractive stranger?
12. Do you sometimes lose your temper and get angry?
13. Do you often act under the influence of a momentary mood?
14. Do you often worry because you have done or said something that you should not have done or said?
15. Do you usually prefer books to meeting people?
16. Are you easily offended?
17. Do you often like to be in company?
18. Do you sometimes have thoughts that you would like to hide from others?
19. Is it true that sometimes you are so full of energy that everything burns in your hands, and sometimes you are completely lethargic?
20. Do you prefer to have fewer friends, but especially close ones?
21. Do you often dream?
22. When people shout at you, do you respond in kind?
23. Are you often bothered by feelings of guilt?
24. Are all your habits good and desirable?
25. Are you able to give free rein to your feelings and have fun in company?
26. Do you consider yourself an excitable and sensitive person?
27. Are you considered a lively and cheerful person?
28. Do you often, after doing something important, feel that you could have done it better?
29. Are you more silent when you are around other people?
30. Do you sometimes gossip?
31. Does it ever happen that you can’t sleep because different thoughts are popping into your head?
32. If you want to know about something, would you rather read about it in a book than ask?
33. Do you have palpitations?
34. Do you like work that requires constant attention from you?
35. Do you have tremors?
36. Would you always pay for baggage transportation if you weren’t afraid of being checked?
37. Is it unpleasant for you to be in a society where people make fun of each other?
38. Are you irritable?
39. Do you like work that requires quick action?
40. Are you worried about some unpleasant events that might happen?
41. Do you walk slowly and deliberately?
42. Have you ever been late for a date or for work?
43. Do you often have nightmares?
44. Is it true that you love to talk so much that you never miss an opportunity to talk with a stranger?
45. Do you have any pain?
46. Would you feel very unhappy if you were deprived of wide communication with people for a long time?
47. Would you call yourself a nervous person?
48. Are there people among your acquaintances whom you clearly do not like?
49. Would you say that you are a very confident person?
50. Are you easily offended when people point out your mistakes at work or your personal failures?
51. Do you find it difficult to truly enjoy a party?
52. Does the feeling that you are somehow worse than others bother you?
53. Is it easy for you to bring some life into a rather boring company?
54. Does it happen that you talk about things you don’t understand?
55. Are you worried about your health?
56. Do you like to make fun of others?
57. Do you suffer from insomnia?
Processing the results:
After the subjects fill out the answer sheets, the experimenter, using the key, calculates points for the following indicators: E - extraversion, N - neuroticism, L - lie (each answer that matches the key is scored as one point). The results are recorded in the protocol.
Using the “Eysenck circle”, based on the obtained indicators E and N, the type of temperament of the subject is determined.
The next stage of processing the results may be associated with the calculation of group average indicators E, N, L with the differentiation of subjects, for example, by gender.
Key:
Extraversion - questions: 1, 3, 8, 10, 13, 17, 22, 25, 27, 39, 44, 46, 49, 53, 56 - answers “Yes”; questions: 5, 15, 20, 29, 32, 34, 37, 41, 51 – answers “No”.
Neuroticism - questions: 2, 4, 7, 11, 14, 16, 19, 21, 23, 26, 28, 31, 33, 35, 38, 40, 43, 45, 47, 50, 52, 55, 57 - "Yes" answers.
False - questions: 6, 24, 36 - answers “Yes”; questions: 12, 18, 30, 42, 48 - answers “No”.
At analysis The results of the experiment should adhere to the following guidelines.
Extraversion: 12 - average value, ³15 - extrovert, ³19 - bright extrovert, £9 - introvert, £5 - deep introvert.
Neuroticism: 9-13 - average value of neuroticism, ³15 - high level of neuroticism, ³19 - very high level of neuroticism, £7 - low level of neuroticism.
False: £4 is the norm, >4 is insincerity in the answers, which also indicates some demonstrative behavior and the subject’s focus on social approval.
Based on the data obtained for individual subjects and the group as a whole, conclusions are written. In individual conclusions, the level characteristics of the indicators of each subject, the type of temperament are assessed, and, if possible, recommendations are given, where, for example, ways of self-correction of those personality traits whose indicators turned out to be either excessively high or, conversely, extremely low, are given. Thus, bright extroverts should be advised to narrow their circle of friends, increasing the depth of communication, and observe, and over time, carefully control the excessive impulsiveness of their behavior.
Drawing on data from the physiology of higher nervous activity, G. Eysenck hypothesizes that the strong and weak types according to Pavlov are very close to the extroverted and introverted personality types. The nature of intro- and extraversion is seen in the innate properties of the central nervous system, which ensure the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition. According to G. Eysenck, such personality qualities as extraversion - introversion and neuroticism - stability are orthogonal, i.e. statistically independent of each other. Accordingly, G. Eysenck divides people into four types, each of which represents some combination of a high or low rating in the range of one property along with a high or low rating in the range of another. Thus, using survey data on the extraversion - introversion and neuroticism - stability scales, we can derive indicators of personality temperament according to Pavlov’s classification, who described four classical types: sanguine (according to the basic properties of the central nervous system, characterized as strong, balanced, dynamic), choleric (strong , unbalanced, mobile), phlegmatic (strong, balanced, inert), melancholic (weak, unbalanced, inert).
A “pure” sanguine person quickly adapts to new conditions, quickly gets along with people, and is sociable. Feelings arise and change easily, emotional experiences are usually shallow. Facial expressions are rich, mobile, expressive. He is somewhat restless, needs new impressions, does not regulate his impulses sufficiently, and does not know how to strictly adhere to the established routine of life or work system. In this regard, he cannot successfully carry out work that requires an equal loss of strength, prolonged and methodical tension, perseverance, stability of attention, and patience. In the absence of serious goals, deep thoughts, and creative activity, superficiality and inconstancy are developed.
Choleric is characterized by increased excitability, actions are intermittent. He is characterized by sharpness and swiftness of movements, strength, impulsiveness, and vivid expression of emotional experiences. Due to imbalance, carried away by a task, he tends to act with all his might and become more exhausted than he should. Having public interests, his temperament shows initiative, energy, and integrity. In the absence of spiritual life, choleric temperament often manifests itself in irritability, affectivity, incontinence, irascibility, inability to self-control under emotional circumstances,
A phlegmatic person is characterized by a relatively low level of behavioral activity, new forms of which are developed slowly, but are persistent. He has slowness and calmness in actions, facial expressions and speech, evenness, constancy, depth of feelings and moods. A persistent and persistent “worker of life”, he rarely loses his temper, is not prone to affect, calculating his strength, brings the job to the end, is even in relationships, and is moderately sociable, does not like to chat in vain. Saves energy and doesn’t waste it. Depending on the conditions, in some cases a phlegmatic person may be characterized by “positive” traits: endurance, depth of thoughts, constancy, thoroughness, etc., in others - lethargy; indifference to the environment, laziness and lack of will, poverty and weakness of emotions, a tendency to perform only habitual actions.
In a melancholic person, the reaction often does not correspond to the strength of the stimulus; there is depth and stability of feelings with weak expression. It is difficult for him to concentrate on something for a long time. Strong influences often cause a prolonged inhibitory reaction in a melancholic person (“give up”). He is characterized by restraint and subdued motor skills and speech, shyness, timidity, indecisiveness. Under normal conditions, a melancholic person is a deep, meaningful person, he can be a good worker and successfully cope with life’s tasks. Under unfavorable conditions, he can turn into a closed, fearful, anxious, vulnerable person, prone to difficult internal experiences of life circumstances that do not deserve it at all.
As a rule, we should talk about the predominance of certain temperamental traits, since in life they are rarely found in their pure form.
Related information.
Neuroticism Neuroticism (from the Greek neuron - vein, nerve) is a personal variable in H. Eysenck's hierarchical model of personality -. According to Eysenck, with a reactive and labile autonomic nervous system, the characteristics of which are determined by the limbic system and the hypothalamus, emotional sensitivity and irritability increase. At the behavioral level, this manifests itself in an increase in the number of somatic complaints (headaches, sleep disturbances, a tendency to mood swings, internal anxiety, worries and fears). At the same time, emotional instability, anxiety, and low self-esteem develop. Such a person is internally restless, preoccupied, and prone to feverish behavior.
Psychological Dictionary. 2000 .
Synonyms:See what “Neuroticism” is in other dictionaries:
Noun, number of synonyms: 1 neuroticism (1) ASIS Dictionary of Synonyms. V.N. Trishin. 2013… Dictionary of synonyms
neuroticism- Etymology. Comes from the Greek. neuron lived, nerve. Category. Personality variable in H. Eysenck's hierarchical model of personality. Specificity. According to Eysenck, with a reactive and labile autonomic nervous system, the peculiarities of work... ... Great psychological encyclopedia
Neuroticism- characteristic of emotional stability. Measured using personality questionnaires. Individuals with a high level of neuroticism are characterized by reduced emotional stability (increased emotional excitability), inertia of emotional... ... Psychological and pedagogical dictionary of a naval unit teacher officer
Neuroticism- (Neuroticism). In Eysenck’s theory, one of the extremes of the neuroticism range is stability, characterized by a tendency to anxiety, frequent mood swings and depression... Personality Theories: Glossary
neuroticism- u, h., honey. The characteristic feature of a person is expressed in sensitivity to neurotic reactions, nervous rashes, anxiety and so on... Ukrainian Tlumach Dictionary
Neuroticism- A state of anxiety, emotional instability and emotional excitability (in a choleric person), depression (in a melancholic person). A “neurotic” personality is characterized by inappropriately strong reactions to stimuli that cause them... Adaptive physical culture. Concise encyclopedic dictionary
Eysenck personality questionnaires- a series of personality questionnaires. Designed for the diagnosis of neuroticism, extraversion, introversion and psychoticism. Developed by G. Eysenck et al. A. l. O. are the implementation of a typological approach to the study of personality. G. Eysenck in his works... ... Psychological Lexicon
L. sh. K. were developed to measure basic. personality characteristics with an emphasis on normal as opposed to pathological traits: trust, defensiveness; tendency towards order, lack of commitment; social conformity disobedience;… … Psychological Encyclopedia
P. is the scientific study of "psi" (a generic term for various types"psychic" phenomena accessible to empirical study). There are mainly 2 forms of psi phenomena: a) extrasensory perception (ESP) and b) psychokinesis (PC). ESV... ... Psychological Encyclopedia
Hans (Eysenck H. J., born 1916). Famous psychologist and psychotherapist. He was born and educated in Berlin, but left Germany for political reasons, because of his opposition to the Hitler regime. Studied in Dijon (France) and Exeter... ... Psychotherapeutic Encyclopedia
The category of individual personality traits includes neuroticism, which is a state of a person in which he feels anxious, guilty, inferior or emotionally unstable.
People prone to neuroticism often experience moral discomfort, find themselves in various unfavorable or stressful situations, and often worry and demonstrate their absolute inability to adapt to their environment. What kind of condition is this, how dangerous it is and how it can be detected, read on.
Theories and causes of the phenomenon
Emotional lability (a disorder of the emotional background, expressed in mood swings) is characteristic of every person. Being overly susceptible to events happening around him, he may not always act rationally. Especially in stressful situations.
Negative events in which the subject becomes a participant, a pessimistic attitude and an inability to adapt to situations can provoke the appearance of negative emotions in a person or discomfort. Such phenomena often become a predisposing factor for the development of neuroticism. However, often a person skillfully masks all his experiences and dissatisfaction in front of others, putting external well-being in the foreground.
Speaking about what neuroticism is, it should be noted that it is not a disease. The definition of this term indicates a feature of an individual’s mental health. Neurotic deviations can be observed in completely healthy person, being at the same time a specific personality trait.
Each of them presented to the world their own theory of the emergence and development of neuroticism, which have both similarities and differences. For example, Freud believed that the reason for the appearance of such a feature of the psyche is the limitation of a person’s natural desires (determined by nature), which bring him pleasure, enjoyment, and release. According to Eysenck, neuroticism is a demonstration of active processes in the central nervous system that are genetically determined.
Studying theories about the development of neuroticism, we can conclude that this is either a special character trait or an autonomic disorder.But in any of the cases, such a deviation is expressed in the person’s inability to restrain himself emotionally, i.e. in the inability to “keep your nerves in check.”
Research by scientists in the field of psychology confirms that the reason for the appearance of neuroticism in a person is the dissatisfaction of his internal desires and needs. These include not only the need for food, water, sleep and other basic needs, but also dominance. If the individual's desires resonate and the individual receives satisfaction, neuroticism does not manifest itself.
A similar phenomenon will arise in another case when the need remains unsatisfied. Moreover, in such situations the degree of disorder will increase. A high level of neuroticism can manifest itself in the form of a person’s complaints about disturbed sleep, sudden mood swings, headaches, anxiety in the soul, internal discomfort, etc.
A neurotic person is quite easy to recognize among other personalities. Determine what an individual has increased level mental disorder, possible according to several parameters. The main signs of this condition include:
- Low self-esteem.
- Guilt.
- Complexity (when a person in society feels inferior).
- Too much emotional reaction person in response to exposure to a pathogen.
- , manifested by periodic attacks.
- Tendency to obsessive fears and concerns.
- There are many obsessions with which a person operates in his actions.
Method for determining the degree of disorder and temperament
To determine the level of neuroticism, a scale was once presented that allows for personality assessment. This leading scientist proposed his own method for studying an individual, taking into account three main levels of deviation (extraversion, introversion, neuroticism).
1. Extroverts. Such people are usually focused on the external environment. They are distinguished by intolerance to monotony, a high response to pain, the desire to be a leader, a tendency to take risks, negligence, and insufficient or absent self-control.
Although neuroticism, as mentioned earlier, is not a pathology, it cannot be called a normal state either. That is why people suspected of having a mental disorder are recommended to undergo a kind of examination in the form of a survey, on the basis of which a conclusion is made and the further direction of correctional therapy to eliminate the disorder is decided.
Based on the number of positive and negative responses obtained by summing, the type of person is determined.
In the course of his research, Hans Eysenck identified four types of temperament:
1. Choleric. The person is an extrovert with an unstable emotional background. He is irritable and sometimes aggressive, but at the same time an active optimist.
2. Sanguine. The person is also an extrovert. But, unlike a choleric person, his emotional sphere is stable. Such people are sociable and sociable, they easily perform any task and live a very carefree life.
3. Melancholic. A person is considered an introvert with the same emotional instability as a choleric person. He gravitates toward the negative, which manifests itself in his pessimistic thinking and mood. Uncommunicative and gloomy, such people are very calm and absolutely not aggressive.
Since neither psychotherapists nor psychologists consider neuroticism to be a pathological disorder, there are no specific techniques for treating such a disorder. The help of specialists is usually required in very difficult cases, when the person himself feels uncomfortable during the period emotional instability. In addition, excessive irritability and anxiety of the subject can negatively affect his relationships in the family, with relatives, friends, and colleagues.
“Treatment” of disorders of this type involves the elimination of irritating influence factors. Psychologists help a person suffering from disorders regain self-control, regain control over their own life and learn to respond adequately to any situation. Author: Elena Suvorova