Boiling point of silicon. Silicon. Properties of silicon. Deficiency and excess of silicon

Silicon is an element of the main subgroup of the fourth group of the third period of the periodic system of chemical elements, with atomic number 14. Denoted by the symbol Si (lat. Silicium).
Silicon was isolated in its pure form in 1811 by French scientists Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard.

Origin of the name

In 1825, the Swedish chemist Jons Jakob Berzelius obtained pure elemental silicon by the action of potassium metal on silicon fluoride SiF4. The new element was given the name “silicon” (from the Latin silex - flint). Russian name“silicon” was introduced in 1834 by the Russian chemist German Ivanovich Hess. Translated from ancient Greek. κρημνός - “cliff, mountain.”

Receipt

In industry, silicon of technical purity is obtained by reducing the SiO 2 melt with coke at a temperature of about 1800 °C in shaft-type ore-thermal furnaces. The purity of silicon obtained in this way can reach 99.9% (the main impurities are carbon and metals).
Further purification of silicon from impurities is possible.
1. Purification in laboratory conditions can be carried out by first obtaining magnesium silicide Mg 2 Si. Next, gaseous monosilane SiH 4 is obtained from magnesium silicide using hydrochloric or acetic acids. Monosilane is purified by rectification, sorption and other methods, and then decomposed into silicon and hydrogen at a temperature of about 1000 °C.
2. Purification of silicon on an industrial scale is carried out by direct chlorination of silicon. In this case, compounds of the composition SiCl 4 and SiCl 3 H are formed. These chlorides are purified from impurities in various ways (usually by distillation and disproportionation) and at the final stage they are reduced with pure hydrogen at temperatures from 900 to 1100 °C.
3. Cheaper, cleaner and more efficient industrial technologies for silicon purification are being developed. As of 2010, these include silicon purification technologies using fluorine (instead of chlorine); technologies involving distillation of silicon monoxide; technologies based on etching of impurities concentrated at intercrystalline boundaries.
The impurity content in post-purified silicon can be reduced to 10 -8 -10 -6% by weight.

Physical properties

Crystal lattice of silicon is cubic face-centered like diamond, parameter a = 0.54307 nm (at high pressures other polymorphic modifications of silicon have also been obtained), but due to the longer bond length between Si-Si atoms compared to the length of the C-C bond, the hardness of silicon is significantly less than that of diamond. Silicon is fragile; only when heated above 800 °C does it become a plastic substance. Interestingly, silicon is transparent to infrared radiation starting at a wavelength of 1.1 microns. Own concentration of charge carriers - 5.81 × 10 15 m -3 (for a temperature of 300 K)

Being in nature

The silicon content in the earth's crust is, according to various sources, 27.6-29.5% by mass. Thus, in terms of abundance in the earth’s crust, silicon ranks second after oxygen. Concentration in sea ​​water 3 mg/l.
Most often in nature, silicon is found in the form of silica - compounds based on silicon dioxide (IV) SiO 2 (about 12% of the mass of the earth's crust). The main minerals formed by silicon dioxide are sand (river and quartz), quartz and quartzites, flint. The second most common group of silicon compounds in nature are silicates and aluminosilicates.

Physical properties. Silicon is fragile. When heated above 800° C, its ductility increases. It is resistant to acids. In an acidic environment, it is covered with an insoluble oxide film and passivated.

The microelement is transparent to infrared radiation, starting at a wavelength of 1.1 microns.

Chemical properties. Silicon interacts:

• with halogens (fluorine) with the manifestation of reducing properties: Si + 2F2 = SiF4. It reacts with hydrogen chloride at 300° C, with hydrogen bromide – at 500° C;
• with chlorine when heated to 400–600° C: Si + 2Cl2 = SiCl4;
• with oxygen when heated to 400–600° C: Si + O2 = SiO2;
• with other non-metals. At a temperature of 2000° C, it reacts with carbon (Si + C = SiC) and boron (Si + 3B = B3Si);
• with nitrogen at a temperature of 1000° C: 3Si + 2N2 = Si3N4;
• with metals to form silicides: 2Ca + Si = Ca2Si;
• with acids - only with a mixture of hydrofluoric and nitric acids: 3Si + 4HNO3 + 18HF = 3H2 + 4NO + 8H2O;
• with alkali. Silicon dissolves and silicate and hydrogen are formed: Si + 2NaOH + H2O = Na2SiO3 + H2.

Does not interact with hydrogen.

Interaction in the body with vitamins and minerals

Silicon interacts with vitamins, and. The combination of cereals with citrus fruits and green vegetables is considered the healthiest.

Silicon is involved in the fight against free radicals. Interacting with heavy metals (lead), the microelement forms stable compounds. They are excreted by the genitourinary system. The same thing happens with waste and toxic substances.

Silicon improves the absorption of iron (Fe) and calcium (Ca), cobalt (Cb), manganese (Mn), fluorine (F).

A decrease in silicon concentration in connective tissue leads to vascular damage, atherosclerosis, and impaired bone tissue strength.

The role of silicon in the occurrence and course of various diseases

With a lack of silicon in the body, the concentration of cholesterol in the blood increases. Because of this, cholesterol plaques form and the outflow worsens.

When consuming silicon less than 20 mg per day, the immune system weakens. Allergic rashes appear, the skin becomes dry and flaky, and fungus develops.

The hair becomes thinner, the scalp becomes flaky and itchy. The nail plates become deformed.

Performance and mental state worsen due to impaired blood flow and oxygen saturation of the brain.

When the amount of silicon in the body decreases to 1.2-1.6%, it is fraught with the occurrence of stroke, heart attack, diabetes, hepatitis virus and oncology.

An excess of silicon leads to the deposition of salts in the urinary tract and joints, fibrosis and pathologies blood vessels. In the worst-case scenario, the liver enlarges, the limbs swell, the skin turns blue, and shortness of breath appears.

Functional potential of silicon

The main task of silicon in the body is the formation of bone, cartilage tissue and vessel walls. 90% of the mineral is found in connective and bone tissue, lymph nodes, thyroid gland, hair and skin. However, the functional potential of the chemical element is not limited to this. Thanks to silicon:

• bones and ligaments are strengthened. The more minerals there are in the first one, the stronger it is. A decrease in silicon concentration in bone tissue is fraught with osteoporosis and atherosclerosis. For cartilage tissue, the synthesis of glycosaminoglycans is important;
• degeneration of intervertebral discs is prevented. The latter consist of plates of cartilage tissue. The less silicon, the faster the plate wears out. If a crack forms in it, it will begin to leak. cerebrospinal fluid. This is fraught with protrusions and hernia;
• bone tissue is restored. Bones, ligaments and tendons grow together very difficult and take a long time;
• condition improves skin, nails and hair. They contain the highest concentration of the chemical element. Dry and flaky skin, brittle and dull hair, peeling nails are signs of silicon deficiency;
• metabolism is stabilized. Thanks to silicon, three quarters of 70% of chemical elements are absorbed. The mineral is involved in protein and carbohydrate metabolism;
• immunity is strengthened. Thanks to silicon, phagocytosis is accelerated - the formation of special cells of the immune system. Their main function– breakdown of foreign protein structures. If a viral infection enters the body, phagocytes envelop the enemy and destroy them;
• Heavy metals and toxins are removed. Silicon oxide reacts with them, converts them into compounds neutral for the body, which are excreted in the urine;
• the walls of blood vessels, heart valves, and the lining of the gastrointestinal tract are strengthened. The basis of the vascular wall is elastin, which is synthesized with the help of silicon;
• the permeability of vascular walls decreases, signs of varicose veins, thrombophlebitis and vasculitis decrease;
• cancer diseases are prevented. The antioxidant properties of vitamins C, A, E are enhanced when interacting with silicon. It is easier for the body to fight free radicals;
• brain diseases are prevented. With a lack of silicon, the walls of blood vessels become softer and poorly transport blood to the brain, which leads to hypoxia - oxygen starvation, due to which the brain does not function at full capacity. Brain neurons cannot give and receive commands without silicon. As a result, motor skills are impaired, blood vessels constrict, headaches and dizziness occur, and health deteriorates.

Sources of silicon

• brown rice – 1240;
• oatmeal – 1000;
• millet – 754;
• barley – 600;
• soybean – 177;
• buckwheat – 120;
• beans – 92;
• Peas – 83;
• Jerusalem artichoke – 80;
• Corn – 60;
• Hazelnuts – 51;
• Spinach – 42;
• Ryazhenka – 34;
• Parsley – 31;
• Cauliflower – 24;
• Green leaf salad – 18;
• Peach – 10;
• Honeysuckle – 10.

Advice! Do you want to quickly replenish silicon reserves in your body? Forget about meat with side dishes. Meat itself, although it contains a sufficient amount of silicon (30-50 mg per 100 g), interferes with its absorption from other products. Separate nutrition is the opposite. Combine brown rice, barley, millet, millet, buckwheat with vegetables and fruits. Arrange “fasting” days on apricots, pears and cherries

Combination with other nutrients

Avoid combining silicon with aluminum. The action of the latter is opposite to the action of silicon.

Silicon, together with other microelements, participates in chemical reactions in the synthesis of collagen and elastin, which are part of the connective tissue of the skin, hair and nails.

Silicon enhances the antioxidant properties of vitamins C, A, E. The latter fight free radicals that cause cancer.

To prevent cancer, consume the following foods together (described in the table)

Silicon oxide interacts in the body with heavy metals (lead) and toxins. As a result of the chemical reaction, stable compounds are formed, which are excreted from the body by the kidneys.

Daily norm

The daily intake of silicon (given below) is calculated for adults only. The upper permissible level of silicon intake for children and adolescents has not been established.

• Children under 6 months and after 7 months – absent.

• From 1 to 13 years – absent.
• Adolescents (male and female) – absent.
• Adults – 20-50 mg.

When using silicon-containing drugs (Atoxil) daily dosage in children over 7 years of age and adults it is 12 g. The maximum dose of the drug is 24 grams per day. For children from one year to 7 years – 150-200 mg of the drug per kilogram of body weight.

Deficiency and excess of silicon

Silicon deficiency can be caused by:

A lack of silicon in the body is dangerous due to the following conditions:

• high concentration of cholesterol in the blood. Cholesterol clogs blood vessels (zolesterol “plaques” form), the blood becomes more viscous and its outflow worsens;
• predisposition to fungal diseases. The less silicon, the weaker immunity. When a viral infection enters the body, phagocytes (special cells of the immune system) are produced in insufficient quantities;
• dandruff, hair loss and thinning. The elasticity of hair and skin is the merit of elastin and collagen, which are synthesized thanks to silicon. Its deficiency affects the condition of the skin, hair and nails;
• mood swings. Not only the performance, but also the mental state of a person depends on the saturation of the brain with oxygen. Due to weakened vessel walls, blood flows poorly to the brain. There is not enough oxygen to perform the usual mental operations. Mood swings and deterioration in performance are the result of a lack of silicon. The same thing happens when the weather changes;
• cardiovascular diseases. The reason is the same - weakened vascular walls;
• diabetes mellitus The reason is an increase in the concentration of glucose in the blood and the body’s inability to reduce it.

• from 1.2 to 4.7% – stroke and heart attack;
• 1.4% or less – diabetes mellitus;
• 1.6% or less – hepatitis virus;
• 1.3% - cancer.

Advice! Silicon is involved in all types of exchange. Stored in the walls of blood vessels, the microelement protects them from the penetration of fats into the blood plasma and blocks the bloodstream

Increase the amount of silicon-containing foods in your diet during:

• physical and emotional fatigue. A serving of cereals for breakfast, a large plate of green salad for lunch and a glass of fermented baked milk or kefir before bed guarantee a boost of energy;
• pregnancy and breastfeeding The immunity of the baby and mother depends on proper diet. 20-50 mg of silicon per day will make bones strong and skin elastic;
• preparation for competitions. The more energy consumption, the more silicon-containing products should be in the diet. They will prevent brittle bones and sprained ligaments and tendons;
• puberty. Pain in the knees (Schlatter's disease) is common. Bone cells divide faster than connective tissue cells. The latter not only supports the bone anatomically correct position, but also protects against mechanical damage. Cranberry, walnuts and pear are a great snack for a teenager.

If the condition of your skin, hair and nails is unsatisfactory, lean on cereals and juices. Grape juice for tomorrow, cranberry juice for lunch and pear juice for dinner is the first step to elastic and tightened skin.

What are the dangers of excess silicon?

It is impossible to get sick due to excess silicon in the diet, but residents of areas with high silicon content in soil or water are at risk.

Due to the high concentration of silicon in the body:

• salts are deposited in the urinary tract, joints and other organs;
• fibrosis develops in the blood vessels and throughout the body as a whole. Symptoms: rapid breathing with light exertion, decreased vital capacity lungs, low blood pressure;
• the right ventricle expands and hypertrophies (“cor pulmonale”);
• the liver enlarges, the limbs swell, the skin turns blue;
• irritability increases, asthenic syndrome develops;
• the risk of upper respiratory tract diseases increases. The most common of these is silicosis. The disease develops due to inhalation of dust containing silicon dioxide and occurs in a chronic form. As the disease progresses, connective tissue grows in the patient's lungs. Normal gas exchange is disrupted, and tuberculosis, emphysema or lung cancer develop against its background.

At risk are workers in mines, foundries, and manufacturers of refractory materials and ceramic products. The disease is signaled by difficulty breathing, shortness of breath and cough. Symptoms worsen with physical activity. Porcelain and earthenware, glass production, deposits of non-ferrous and precious metal ores, sandblasting of castings are potentially dangerous objects.

An excess of silicon is indicated by a decrease and increase in body temperature, depressive state, general fatigue and drowsiness.

For such symptoms, include carrots, beets, potatoes, Jerusalem artichokes, as well as apricots, cherries, bananas and strawberries in your diet.

Preparations containing silicon

Despite the fact that the adult body contains 1-2 g of silicon, an additional portion will not hurt. An adult consumes about 3.5 mg of silicon per day, with food and water. An adult spends three times more on basal metabolism - about 9 mg. The reasons for the increased consumption of silicon are poor ecology, oxidative processes that provoke the formation of free radicals, and stress. You can’t get by with silicon-containing products alone – stock up on medications or medicinal plants.

Record holders for silicon content are juniper, horsetail, tansy, wormwood, and ginkgo biloba. And also field chamomile, thyme, Chinese walnut and eucalyptus.

You can replenish silicon deficiency with silicon water. One of the properties of a microelement is the structuring of water molecules. Such water is not suitable for the life of pathogenic microorganisms, protozoa, fungi, toxins and foreign chemical elements.

Silicon water resembles melt water in taste and freshness.

To purify and enrich water with silicon at home, you need to:

• buy flint pebbles at a pharmacy store - the smaller the better (the larger the area of ​​contact between the flint and the water);
• put in water at the rate of 50 g of stones per 3 liters of water;
• Infuse water in a glass container at room temperature in a dark place for 3-4 days. The longer the water is infused, the more pronounced the therapeutic effect;
• pour the finished water into another container, leaving a bottom layer 3–4 cm deep (it cannot be used due to the accumulation of toxins).
• In an airtight container, water is stored for up to one and a half years.
• You can drink silicon water in any quantity to prevent atherosclerosis, hypertension and urolithiasis, skin pathology and diabetes, infectious and oncological diseases, varicose veins veins and even neuropsychiatric diseases.

Atoxil. The active ingredient of Atoxyl is silicon dioxide.

Release form:

• powder for preparing a suspension;
• bottles of 12 g of the drug;
• bottles of 10 mg of the drug;
• sachet bags of 2 g, 20 sachets per pack.

Pharmacological action. Acts as an enterosorbent, has a wound-healing, antiallergic, antimicrobial, bacteriostatic and detoxification effect.

In the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, the drug absorbs exogenous and endogenous toxins (bacterial and food allergens, endotoxins of microorganisms, toxic substances) and outputs them.

Accelerates the transport of toxins from the blood, lymph and tissues into the digestive tract.

Indications: diarrhea, salmonellosis, viral hepatitis A and B, allergic diseases(diathesis, atopic dermatitis), burns, trophic ulcers, purulent wounds.

It is used for kidney diseases, enterocolitis, toxic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, hepatocholecystitis, drug and alcohol intoxication, skin diseases (eczema, dermatitis, neurodermatitis), intoxication during purulent-septic processes and burn disease.

How to use:

• Bottle. Open the bottle (vial) with the powder, add to the 250 ml mark in clean drinking water, shake until smooth.
• Sachet bag. Dissolve 1-2 sachets in 100-150 ml of clean drinking water. Take one hour before meals or medications.

Duration of treatment for acute intestinal infections– 3-5 days. The course of therapy is up to 15 days. During treatment viral hepatitis– 7-10 days.

Side effects effects: constipation.

Contraindications: exacerbation of peptic ulcer duodenum and stomach, erosions and ulcers of the mucous membrane of the large and small intestines, intestinal obstruction, increased sensitivity to silicon dioxide.

The drug is not prescribed to children under one year of age, pregnant or breastfeeding women.

Interactions with drugs:

• with Acetylsalicylic acid (Aspirin) – increased platelet disaggregation;
• with Simvastatin and Nicotinic acid– a decrease in the blood of atherogenic fractions of lipid spectrum indicators and an increase in the level of lipoproteins VP and cholesterol;
• with antiseptics (Trifuran, Furacillin, Chlorhexidine, Bifuran, etc.) – increasing the effectiveness of therapy for purulent-inflammatory processes.

Silicon was discovered and obtained in 1823 by the Swedish chemist Jens Jacob Berzelius.

The second most abundant element in the earth's crust after oxygen (27.6% by mass). Found in compounds.

Allotropy of silicon

Amorphous and crystalline silicon are known.

Polycrystalline silicon

Crystal – dark gray substance with a metallic luster, high hardness, fragile, semiconductor; ρ = 2.33 g/cm 3, t°pl. =1415°C; t°boil. = 2680°C.

It has a diamond-like structure and forms strong covalent bonds. Inert.

Amorphous - brown powder, hygroscopic, diamond-like structure, ρ = 2 g/cm 3, more reactive.

Getting silicon

1) Industry – heating coal with sand:

2C + SiO 2 t ˚ → Si + 2CO

2) Laboratory – heating sand with magnesium:

2Mg + SiO 2 t ˚ → Si + 2MgO Experiment

Chemical properties

A typical non-metal, inert.

As a reducing agent:

1) With oxygen

Si 0 + O 2 t ˚ → Si +4 O 2

2) With fluorine (without heating)

Si 0 + 2F 2 →SiF 4

3) With carbon

Si 0 + C t ˚ → Si +4 C

(SiC - carborundum - hard; used for pointing and grinding)

4) Does not interact with hydrogen.

Silane (SiH 4) is obtained by decomposition of metal silicides with acid:

Mg 2 Si + 2H 2 SO 4 → SiH 4 + 2MgSO 4

5) Does not react with acids (Tonly with hydrofluoric acid Si+4 HF= SiF 4 +2 H 2 )

Dissolves only in a mixture of nitric and hydrofluoric acids:

3Si + 4HNO3 + 18HF →3H2 + 4NO + 8H2O

6) With alkalis (when heated):

As an oxidizing agent:

7) With metals (silicides are formed):

Si 0 + 2Mg t ˚ →Mg 2 Si -4

Silane - SiH 4

Physical properties: Colorless gas, poisonous, mp. = -185°C, t°boil. = -112°C.

Preparation of silicic acid

The effect of strong acids on silicates - Na 2 SiO 3 + 2HCl → 2NaCl + H 2 SiO 3 ↓

Chemical properties:

When heated, it decomposes: H 2 SiO 3 t ˚ → H 2 O + SiO 2

Silicic acid salts - silicates.

1) with acids

Na 2 SiO 3 +H 2 O+CO 2 =Na 2 CO 3 +H 2 SiO 3

2) with salts

Na 2 SiO 3 +CaCl 2 =2NaCl+CaSiO 3 ↓

3) Silicates included in minerals, in natural conditions are destroyed by water and carbon monoxide (IV) - weathering of rocks:

(K 2 O Al 2 O 3 6SiO 2)(feldspar) + CO 2 + 2H 2 O → (Al 2 O 3 2SiO 2 2H 2 O)(kaolinite (clay)) + 4SiO 2 (silica (sand)) + K2CO3

Application of silicon compounds

Natural silicon compounds - sand (SiO 2) and silicates are used for the production of ceramics, glass and cement.

Silicone mineral silicon a variety of silica - black, dark gray or light - is quite common in nature, and man is very familiar with it. But the healing properties of silicon became known only recently: in the late 70s of the 20th century. Although humanity became acquainted with silicon a very long time ago.
Flint is the stone that laid the foundation for human civilization. Throughout the Stone Age, flint served as a material for making tools and hunting, and it was used to make fire. The healing properties of flint are mentioned in the treatises of ancient philosophers. It was used to cut off warts, to decorate walls in rooms where meat was stored, to sprinkle wounds in the form of powder, which prevented gangrene; silicon millstones in mills made it possible to obtain flour with excellent baking and taste qualities. For a long time, the bottom and inner surface of wells were lined with silicon, since it was noticed that people who drank water from such wells got sick less, and such water was unusually clear, tasty and healing.

In nature, silicon occurs in the form of widespread minerals - quartz, chalcedony, opal etc. The group of these minerals includes cornelian, And jasper, rhinestone, agate, opal, amethyst and many other stones. The basis of these minerals is silicon dioxide or silica, but the density, color, and some other properties are different. In addition to silica, silicon contains about 20 chemical elements, the main ones of which are Mg, Ca, P, Sr, Mn, Cu, Zn, etc. Hence the so many names. But the most famous among the representatives of this family is undoubtedly flint. Most of the earth's crust consists of inorganic silicon compounds (28 vol.%).

Silicon (Silicium - lat.) chemical element, atomic number 14, group IV of the periodic table. Silicon atoms form the basis of clay, sand and rocks. We can say that the entire inorganic world is associated with silicon. Under natural conditions, silicon minerals are found in calcites and chalk.

Silicon is the second most abundant element in the earth's crust after oxygen and accounts for about a third of its total weight. Every 6th atom in the earth's crust is a silicon atom. Sea water contains even more silicon than phosphorus, which is so necessary for life on Earth.

In our body, silicon is found in the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and pituitary gland. Its highest concentration is found in hair and nails.

Silicon is also part of collagen, the main protein of connective tissue. Its main role is to participate in a chemical reaction that holds together individual fibers of collagen and elastin, giving connective tissue strength and elasticity. Silicon is also part of the collagen of hair and nails, plays important role in the healing of bones during fractures.

Silicon has a special role in the life and health of people, as well as the flora and fauna. Silicon is absorbed by plants in the form of dissolved silicic acids, silicates and colloidal silica. The lack of silicon adversely affects the germination, growth and yield of grains, mainly rice, as well as sugar cane, sunflowers, crops such as potatoes, beets, carrots, cucumbers and tomatoes. With vegetables, fruits, milk, meat and other products, a person should consume 10-20 mg of silicon daily. This amount is necessary for normal functioning, growth and development of the body.

Scientific research the role of silicon for human health is covered in the monographs of V. Krivenko et al. “Lithotherapy”, M., 1994, E. Mikheeva “Healing properties of silicon”, St. Petersburg, 2002, works of M. Voronkov and I. Kuznetsov (AS USSR , Sib. otd., 1984), A. Panicheva, L. Zardashvili, N. Semenova, etc. It has been shown that silicon is involved in the exchange of fluorine, magnesium, aluminum, and other mineral compounds, but interacts especially closely with strontium and calcium. One of the mechanisms of action of silicon is that, due to its chemical properties, it creates electrically charged colloidal systems that have the property of adsorbing viruses and pathogens that are unusual for humans.

Some plants are capable of concentrating silicon. This Jerusalem artichoke, radish, olive A, currant, horsetail etc. A lot of silicon accumulates in grain crops, especially in the seed coat (bran): rice, oats, millet, barley, soybeans. When grinding grains in a mill, they are freed from the shell, thereby depriving them of silicon and thereby devaluing them.
Rich in silicon and mineral waters. But refined sugar is practically devoid of silicon. Only unrefined yellow sugar has silicon and is therefore of great value.

Horsetails are distinguished by their high silicon content - widespread plants of the domestic flora, used more and more often recently in folk medicine. In this regard, burdock oil extract, horsetail extract, and organic silicon compounds (ceramides) included in the medicine called burdock oil with horsetail extract (with ceramides) have proven themselves well. Special studies have shown that this medicine:

• nourishes and strengthens hair, restoring its structure, protects hair ends from splitting;

• stimulates hair growth (including hair loss after a course of chemotherapy);

• significantly reduces hair loss;

• eliminates dandruff.

Directions for use: Apply warm oil to the hair and scalp, rub gently and thoroughly for at least 15 minutes (avoid sudden and intense movements, as this breaks and pulls out the hair), then distribute the oil evenly over the entire length of the hair. Apply for 1 hour, then rinse with mild shampoo.

Silicon is also responsible for ensuring protective functions, metabolic processes and detoxification. It works as a biological “cross-linking” agent involved in the formation of the molecular “architecture” of polysaccharides and their complexes with proteins, imparts elasticity to connective tissues, is part of the elastin of blood vessels, gives strength, elasticity and impermeability to their walls and prevents the penetration of lipids into the blood plasma .

Studies have shown that silicon in water suppresses bacteria that cause fermentation and decay, precipitates heavy metals, neutralizes chlorine, and sorbs radionuclides. In a living organism biologically active substances Silicon, together with protein structures, contributes to the formation of enzymes, amino acids, and hormones. Silicon is especially necessary in connective tissue; it is found in the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and pituitary gland. There is a lot of silicon in the hair. Its highest concentration is found in hair and nails.

Silicon:

• strengthens the immune system and is included in various medicinal and cosmetic preparations;

• Cosmetics experts have found that silicon-based products are very beneficial for hair, skin and nails;

• about 70 elements are not absorbed if the body lacks silicon. It is necessary for the absorption of calcium, chlorine, fluorine, sodium, sulfur, aluminum, zinc, molybdenum, manganese, cobalt and other elements;

• silicon promotes the biosynthesis of collagen, participates in phosphorus metabolism and lipid metabolism, as well as maintaining its balance with calcium, which is closely related to the aging process of the body.

• osteomalacia (softening of bones);

• diseases of the eyes, teeth, nails, skin and hair;

• accelerated wear of articular cartilage;

• erysipelas of the skin;

• stones in the liver and kidneys;

• dysbacteriosis;

• atherosclerosis

Meanwhile, our body loses silicon every day - on average, we consume 3.5 mg of silicon per day with food and water, and lose about 9 mg!

Causes of silicon deficiency in the body:

• insufficient consumption of fiber and mineral water;

• excess aluminum (for example, due to cooking in aluminum cookware);

• period of intensive growth in children;

• physical overload

Signs of silicon deficiency:

• disorder of connective tissue - diseases of bones, ligaments, development of osteoporosis, periodontal disease, arthrosis;

• vascular damage - early atherosclerosis, increased cholesterol levels;

• dry, vulnerable skin;

• fragility and slow growth of nails;

• decreased body resistance to infections, diseases of the lungs and upper respiratory tract

The slowdown in skin regeneration processes begins at approximately 30 years of age. By this time, the body is already beginning to feel a lack of silicon. Our body cannot restore silicon deficiency on its own, since the natural silicon compounds around us are mostly biologically inactive and are not able to participate in biochemical reactions inside the cell.

Silicon is an excellent cosmetic product. It cleanses the skin of pustular formations. It is especially useful to wash your face with silicon water, as well as take it orally for juvenile acne. In the process of research, scientists created a new class of organic silicon compounds capable of accelerating metabolic processes in the skin and, by participating in the synthesis of connective tissue proteins elastin and collagen, increase skin elasticity and eliminate formed wrinkles.

Silicon-containing compounds patented by WGN accelerate metabolic processes in cells and regenerate elastin and collagen fibers. The results of creating active nanosilicon compounds formed the basis for the development of the line of so-called “nanosilicon” cosmetic preparations NewAge.

Bioactive nanosilicon penetrates into the deep layers of the skin, cleanses them and provides protection that preserves the natural permeability and breathing ability of the skin. Non-silicon, stimulating the processes of proliferation and regeneration, accelerates the renewal of the epidermis and restores the functions of dermal cells - fibroblasts.

The advantages of silicon cosmetics are the dermatological compatibility of the components; Can be used for any skin type, including sensitive; high efficiency of action, gentle stimulation of natural biochemical mechanisms of the functional state of the skin.

When interacting with water, flint changes its properties. Silicon-activated water has a detrimental effect on microorganisms, suppresses bacteria that cause rotting and fermentation, active precipitation of heavy metal compounds occurs in it, the water becomes clean in appearance and pleasant in taste, it for a long time does not spoil and acquires many other healing qualities.

Flint belongs to the minerals of the quartz or chalcedony family. The group of these minerals includes carnelian, jasper, rock crystal, agate, opal, amethyst and many other stones. The basis of these minerals is silicon dioxide SiO2 or silica, but the density, color, and some other properties are different. In addition to silica, silicon contains about 20 chemical elements, the main ones of which are Mg, Ca, P, Sr, Mn, Cu, Zn, etc. Hence the so many names. But the most famous among the representatives of this family is undoubtedly flint.

The reasons and mechanism of interaction between flint and water have not been fully elucidated. Perhaps the healing effect of silicon is explained by its ability to form special associates with water - colloids that absorb dirt and foreign microflora from the environment.

When talking about the beneficial properties of silicon for the body, we first of all remember water. IN human body about 70% water, and therefore it is difficult to imagine life without it. And if we take into account that all types of metabolism are carried out through the aquatic environment, that it is water that is the conductor of the overwhelming majority of physiological life processes, that without it not a single form of life is possible - carbon, silicon or any other, then it becomes clear that water activated by silicon acquires special meaning.

“...in the system flint - aqueous solutions of inorganic salts, intensive sedimentation of a number of metals occurs: aluminum, iron, cadmium, cesium, zinc, lead, strontium.”- P. Aladovsky, head of the laboratory of the Central Research Institute for the Use of Water Resources, Doctor of Chemical Sciences. In other words, flint displaces harmful metals from water, purifying it. They remain at the bottom, and on top it turns out clean water.

“Water treated with silicon affects the adsorption capacity of radionuclides. This may make it possible to use it to solve some radiochemical problems in the radionuclide-contaminated territory of Belarus.”- Doctor of Chemical Sciences Yu. Davydov is the head of the laboratory of the Institute of Radiological Problems of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Belarus.

“Silicon water, starting from the fifth day of storage, has the ability to strengthen the hemostatic capabilities of the blood and increase its ability to clot.” E. Ivanov - Director of the Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus, Doctor of Medical Sciences. Hemophilia immediately comes to mind - a disease in which the blood does not clot well. This means that a person who receives even a small scratch can die from loss of blood.

“For several years I have not observed cancer diseases in many patients who consumed silicon-activated water (SAW). We have found that on the 5-6th day of taking ACB (6-8 times a day) in patients with numerous trophic ulcers lower limbs the number of T- and B-lymphocytes increases. And this indicates the ability to renew lost and weakened immunity. In addition, ACB reduces the amount of cholesterol in the blood, especially in obesity. Thus, the battery serves to prevent atherosclerosis.”- M. Sinyavsky Professor of the Department of Medical Training, Mogilev State University. A.A. Kuleshova.

What is this - silicon water? Silicon water is a tincture of dark brown flint, which is used internally and externally. The method for preparing flint water is quite simple. In a 2-3 liter container, preferably glass, add 40-50 g of small flint pebbles, preferably intensely bright brown (but not black) in color, pour in water from the water supply network, but preferably after normal filtering, and place it in a place protected from direct sunlight place and outside terrestrial pathogenic radiation.

This water will be ready for drinking in 2-3 days. If you follow the same technology, but if you tie the neck with 2-3 layers of gauze and put the water in a bright place at a temperature above 5°C for 5-7 days, then this water, due to its properties, can be used not only as drinking water, but also for medicinal purposes. preventive purposes. It is useful to use for cooking - tea, soups, etc. You can drink silicon water without restrictions (normally 1.5-2 liters per day). If this is not possible, then at least 3-5 times a day, half a glass, always in small sips and preferably cool.

Use flint, as already mentioned, only in bright brown (not black) color.

Only natural minerals should be used. The fact is that flint contains the remains of microorganisms, which at one time formed flint from the silt of the Cretaceous and more ancient eras.

After one or two uses, the stone should be rinsed with cool water and ventilated in fresh air for 2 hours. If layers or deposits appear on the surface of the pebbles, they must be immersed in a 2% solution of acetic acid or salted water for 2 hours; then rinse 2-3 times with plain water and soak in the solution for 2 hours baking soda and rinse again.

The specific properties of silicon water make it possible to prevent many diseases. Silicon water has a positive effect on general condition the body as a whole.

If you drink silicon-activated water or cook food with it, the following happens:

- strengthening the immune system, increasing the number of T- and B-lymphocytes in the blood;

The condition of people suffering from liver diseases improves, because... water helps the flow of bile;

Rapid healing of burns, cuts, bruises, trophic ulcers;

Helps with indigestion, relieves inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract and gastritis;

Reducing blood sugar levels, as well as weight, diabetics prone to obesity;

Reducing blood cholesterol levels, especially in obesity, preventing atherosclerosis and improving kidney function;

Normalizes the condition of patients suffering from hypertension;

Normalizes metabolism;

The overall tone increases.

At external use Silicon water stimulates the body's recovery processes with:

- treatment of sore throat, runny nose, inflammation of the gums (rinsing the throat and mouth after eating);

At viral diseases oral cavity, stomatitis and gingivitis;

Treatment of allergies, boils, diathesis, dermatitis, various skin irritations (lotions and washing);

For conjunctivitis, relieves itching and inflammation;

Washing with such water helps to improve the condition of the skin, reduce the number of wrinkles and prevent the appearance of new ones, helps eliminate unevenness, blackheads, and pimples;

Rinsing the head and hair, rubbing into the scalp helps strengthen and grow hair;

For certain skin diseases (simple vesicular, herpes zoster and pityriasis rosea).

- For hair falling out and split ends, rinse your hair with flint water;

To relieve irritation after shaving, rinse your face with the same water;

For “youthful acne”, wash your face and apply “water” internally;

Wipe your face with pieces of ice and frozen flint water;

To prevent periodontal disease, rinse your gums with water when brushing your teeth.

The use of “flint” water for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes promotes rapid healing of wounds, prevents the formation of tumors with regular intake of water, improves blood composition, restores adrenal function, relieves inflammatory processes in gastrointestinal tract and for gastritis, normalization of blood sugar, weight loss, healing of fractures (bones heal faster and without complications), improvement of kidney function and metabolism, separation and removal of bile. Silicon water kills viruses; For prevention during respiratory epidemics, it is recommended to instill “water” into the nose. This helps with insomnia.

In the household, it is recommended to water flowers, which extends the flowering period; accelerates fruiting period fruit trees and vegetable crops; increases productivity by 10%. Kills mold, gray rot, in particular on strawberries, and other fungi. Soaking seeds in such water increases germination. It is better to store flowers in a container containing silicon stones; their shelf life increases sharply. In an aquarium, flint prevents water from blooming. Silicon also helps purify water during a hike, which is important for tourists to know.

It is also useful to drink silicon water for atherosclerosis (vessels are cleared of sclerotic deposits), various types of metabolic disorders, sore throat, flu, pharyngitis (rinsing with silicon water significantly reduces the duration of these diseases - after all, silicon acts as an antibiotic here), rheumatism, Botkin's disease (silicon kills pathogenic viruses), diseases of teeth and joints (since silicon restores the integrity of bone tissue).

And now the most important point - contraindications. Silicon water has contraindications and must be handled very carefully. Doctors have noticed that those who are predisposed to oncological diseases, it is better to abandon it completely.

One of the most common elements in nature is silicium, or silicon. Such a wide distribution indicates the importance and significance of this substance. This was quickly understood and learned by people who learned how to properly use silicon for their purposes. Its use is based on special properties, which we will discuss further.

Silicon - chemical element

If we characterize a given element by position in the periodic table, we can identify the following important points:

1. Serial number - 14.
2. The period is the third small one.
3. Group - IV.
4. The subgroup is the main one.
5. The structure of the outer electron shell is expressed by the formula 3s 2 3p 2.
6. The element silicon is represented by the chemical symbol Si, which is pronounced "silicium".
7. The oxidation states it exhibits are: -4; +2; +4.
8. The valency of the atom is IV.
9. The atomic mass of silicon is 28.086.
10. In nature, there are three stable isotopes of this element with mass numbers 28, 29 and 30.

Thus, from a chemical point of view, the silicon atom is a fairly studied element; many of its different properties have been described.

History of discovery

Since various compounds of the element in question are very popular and abundant in nature, since ancient times people have used and known about the properties of many of them. Pure silicon remained beyond human knowledge in chemistry for a long time.

The most popular compounds used in everyday life and industry by peoples of ancient cultures (Egyptians, Romans, Chinese, Russians, Persians and others) were precious and ornamental stones based on silicon oxide. These include:

• opal;
• rhinestone;
• topaz;
• chrysoprase;
• onyx;
• chalcedony and others.

It has also been customary to use quartz in construction since ancient times. However, elemental silicon itself remained undiscovered until the 19th century, although many scientists tried in vain to isolate it from various compounds, using catalysts, high temperatures, and even electric current. These are such bright minds as:

• Karl Scheele;
• Gay-Lussac;
• Thenar;
• Humphry Davy;
• Antoine Lavoisier.

Jens Jacobs Berzelius succeeded in obtaining silicon in its pure form in 1823. To do this, he conducted an experiment on fusing vapors of silicon fluoride and potassium metal. As a result, I obtained an amorphous modification of the element in question. The same scientists were asked Latin name open atom.

A little later, in 1855, another scientist - Sainte-Clair-Deville - managed to synthesize another allotropic variety - crystalline silicon. Since then, knowledge about this element and its properties began to expand very quickly. People realized that it has unique features that can be very intelligently used to satisfy own needs. Therefore, today one of the most popular elements in electronics and technology is silicon. Its use only expands its boundaries every year.

The Russian name for the atom was given by the scientist Hess in 1831. This is what has stuck to this day.

In terms of abundance in nature, silicon ranks second after oxygen. Its percentage in comparison with other atoms in the earth's crust is 29.5%. Additionally, carbon and silicon are two special elements that can form chains by bonding with each other. That is why more than 400 different natural minerals are known for the latter, in which it is found in the lithosphere, hydrosphere and biomass.

Where exactly is silicon found?

1. In deep layers of soil.
2. In rocks, deposits and massifs.
3. At the bottom of bodies of water, especially seas and oceans.
4. In plants and marine life of the animal kingdom.
5. In the human body and terrestrial animals.

We can identify several of the most common minerals and rocks, which contain large quantities silicon is present. Their chemistry is such that the mass content of the pure element in them reaches 75%. However, the specific figure depends on the type of material. So, rocks and minerals containing silicon:

• feldspars;
• mica;
• amphiboles;
• opals;
• chalcedony;
• silicates;
• sandstones;
• aluminosilicates;
• clays and others.

Accumulating in the shells and exoskeletons of marine animals, silicon eventually forms powerful silica deposits at the bottom of water bodies. This is one of natural sources of this element.

In addition, it was found that silicon can exist in its pure native form - in the form of crystals. But such deposits are very rare.

Physical properties of silicon

If we characterize the element in question according to the set physical and chemical properties, then first of all it is necessary to designate the physical parameters. Here are a few main ones:

1. It exists in the form of two allotropic modifications - amorphous and crystalline, which differ in all properties.
2. The crystal lattice is very similar to that of diamond, because carbon and silicon are practically the same in this regard. However, the distance between the atoms is different (silicon is larger), so diamond is much harder and stronger. Lattice type - cubic face-centered.
3. The substance is very fragile, high temperatures becomes plastic.
4. The melting point is 1415˚C.
5. Boiling point - 3250˚С.
6. The density of the substance is 2.33 g/cm3.
7. The color of the compound is silver-gray, with a characteristic metallic luster.
8. It has good semiconductor properties, which can vary with the addition of certain agents.
9. Insoluble in water, organic solvents and acids.
10. Specifically soluble in alkalis.

The identified physical properties of silicon allow people to manipulate it and use it to create various products. For example, the use of pure silicon in electronics is based on the properties of semiconductivity.

Chemical properties

The chemical properties of silicon are very dependent on the reaction conditions. If we talk about standard parameters, then we need to indicate very low activity. Both crystalline and amorphous silicon are very inert. They do not interact with strong oxidizing agents (except fluorine) or with strong reducing agents.

This is due to the fact that an oxide film of SiO 2 is instantly formed on the surface of the substance, which prevents further interactions. It can be formed under the influence of water, air, and vapor.

If you change the standard conditions and heat silicon to a temperature above 400˚C, then its chemical activity will greatly increase. In this case, it will react with:

• oxygen;
• all types of halogens;
• hydrogen.

With a further increase in temperature, the formation of products by interaction with boron, nitrogen and carbon is possible. Carborundum - SiC - is of particular importance, as it is a good abrasive material.

Also, the chemical properties of silicon are clearly visible in reactions with metals. In relation to them, it is an oxidizing agent, so the products are called silicides. Similar compounds are known for:

• alkaline;
• alkaline earth;
• transition metals.

The compound obtained by fusing iron and silicon has unusual properties. It is called ferrosilicon ceramics and is successfully used in industry.

Co complex substances silicon does not interact, therefore, of all their varieties, it can dissolve only in:

• aqua regia (a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids);
• caustic alkalis.

In this case, the temperature of the solution must be at least 60˚C. All this once again confirms the physical basis of the substance - a diamond-like stable crystal lattice, which gives it strength and inertness.

Methods of obtaining

Obtaining silicon in its pure form is a fairly costly process economically. In addition, due to its properties, any method gives only a 90-99% pure product, while impurities in the form of metals and carbon remain all the same. Therefore, simply obtaining the substance is not enough. It should also be thoroughly cleaned of foreign elements.

In general, silicon production is carried out in two main ways:

1. From white sand, which is pure silicon oxide SiO 2. When it is calcined with active metals (most often magnesium), a free element is formed in the form of an amorphous modification. The purity of this method is high, the product is obtained with a 99.9 percent yield.
2. A more widespread method on an industrial scale is the sintering of molten sand with coke in specialized thermal kilns. This method was developed by the Russian scientist N. N. Beketov.

Further processing involves subjecting the products to purification methods. For this purpose, acids or halogens (chlorine, fluorine) are used.

Amorphous silicon

The characterization of silicon will be incomplete if each of its allotropic modifications is not considered separately. The first of them is amorphous. In this state, the substance we are considering is a brownish-brown powder, finely dispersed. It has a high degree of hygroscopicity and exhibits fairly high chemical activity when heated. IN standard conditions is able to interact only with the strongest oxidizing agent - fluorine.

It is not entirely correct to call amorphous silicon a type of crystalline silicon. Its lattice shows that this substance is only a form of finely dispersed silicon, existing in the form of crystals. Therefore, as such, these modifications are one and the same compound.

However, their properties differ, which is why it is customary to talk about allotropy. Amorphous silicon itself has a high light absorption capacity. In addition, under certain conditions, this indicator is several times higher than that of the crystalline form. Therefore, it is used for technical purposes. In this form (powder), the compound is easily applied to any surface, be it plastic or glass. This is why amorphous silicon is so convenient to use. Application based on different sizes.

Although batteries of this type wear out quite quickly, which is associated with the abrasion of a thin film of the substance, their use and demand are only growing. After all, even over a short service life, solar batteries based on amorphous silicon can provide energy to entire enterprises. In addition, the production of such a substance is waste-free, which makes it very economical.

This modification is obtained by reducing compounds with active metals, for example, sodium or magnesium.

Crystalline silicon

Silver-gray shiny modification of the element in question. This form is the most common and most in demand. This is explained by the set of qualitative properties that this substance possesses.

Characteristics of silicon with crystal lattice includes a classification of its types, since there are several of them:

1. Electronic quality - the purest and highest quality. This type is used in electronics to create particularly sensitive devices.
2. Sunny quality. The name itself determines the area of ​​use. It is also silicon of fairly high purity, the use of which is necessary to create high-quality and long-lasting solar cells. Photoelectric converters created on the basis of a crystalline structure are of higher quality and wear-resistant than those created using an amorphous modification by sputtering on various types substrates.
3. Technical silicon. This variety includes those samples of the substance that contain about 98% of the pure element. Everything else goes to various kinds of impurities:

• aluminum;
• chlorine;
• carbon;
• phosphorus and others.

The last type of the substance in question is used to obtain polycrystals of silicon. For this purpose, recrystallization processes are carried out. As a result, in terms of purity, products are obtained that can be classified as solar and electronic quality.

By its nature, polysilicon is an intermediate product between the amorphous and crystalline modifications. This option is easier to work with, it is better processed and cleaned with fluorine and chlorine.

The resulting products can be classified as follows:

• multisilicon;
• monocrystalline;
• profiled crystals;
• silicon scrap;
• technical silicon;
• production waste in the form of fragments and scraps of matter.

Each of them finds application in industry and is fully used by humans. Therefore, those touching silicon are considered non-waste. This significantly reduces its economic cost without affecting quality.

Using pure silicon

Industrial silicon production is quite well established, and its scale is quite large. This is due to the fact that this element, both pure and in the form of various compounds, is widespread and in demand in various branches of science and technology.

Where is crystalline and amorphous silicon used in its pure form?

1. In metallurgy, as an alloying additive capable of changing the properties of metals and their alloys. Thus, it is used in the smelting of steel and cast iron.
2. Different types of substances are used to make a purer version - polysilicon.
3. Silicon compounds are a whole chemical industry that has gained particular popularity today. Organosilicon materials are used in medicine, in the manufacture of dishes, tools and much more.
4. Manufacturing of various solar panels. This method of obtaining energy is one of the most promising in the future. Environmentally friendly, economically beneficial and wear-resistant are the main advantages of this type of electricity generation.
5. Silicon has been used for lighters for a very long time. Even in ancient times, people used flint to produce a spark when lighting a fire. This principle is the basis for the production of various types of lighters. Today there are types in which flint is replaced by an alloy of a certain composition, which gives an even faster result (sparking).
6. Electronics and solar energy.
7. Manufacturing of mirrors in gas laser devices.

Thus, pure silicon has a lot of advantageous and special properties that allow it to be used to create important and necessary products.

Application of silicon compounds

In addition to the simple substance, various silicon compounds are also used, and very widely. There is a whole industry called silicate. It is based on the use of various substances that contain this amazing element. What are these compounds and what is produced from them?

1. Quartz, or river sand - SiO 2. Used to make construction and decorative materials such as cement and glass. Everyone knows where these materials are used. No construction can be completed without these components, which confirms the importance of silicon compounds.
2. Silicate ceramics, which includes materials such as earthenware, porcelain, brick and products based on them. These components are used in medicine, in the manufacture of dishes, decorative jewelry, household items, in construction and other everyday areas of human activity.
3. - silicones, silica gels, silicone oils.
4. Silicate glue - used as stationery, in pyrotechnics and construction.

Silicon, the price of which varies on the world market, but does not cross from top to bottom the mark of 100 Russian rubles per kilogram (per crystalline), is a sought-after and valuable substance. Naturally, compounds of this element are also widespread and applicable.

Biological role of silicon

From the point of view of its importance for the body, silicon is important. Its content and distribution in tissues is as follows:

• 0.002% - muscle;
• 0.000017% - bone;
• blood - 3.9 mg/l.

About one gram of silicon must be ingested every day, otherwise diseases will begin to develop. None of them are mortally dangerous, but prolonged silicon starvation leads to:

• hair loss;
• the appearance of acne and pimples;
• fragility and brittleness of bones;
• easy capillary permeability;
• fatigue and headaches;
• the appearance of numerous bruises and bruises.

For plants, silicon is an important microelement necessary for normal growth and development. Experiments on animals have shown that those individuals that consume sufficient amounts of silicon on a daily basis grow better.