Development of a plan for the production of high-tech products using the example of the Elkom LLC company, operating in the field of electronic communications production. Science-intensive products Science-intensive high-tech products

During the Soviet era, half of industrial production was concentrated in the defense industry. The defense industry was the source of the most important geopolitical advantage of the USSR. A system of professional technical training, higher educational institutions, Academy of Sciences, closed and semi-closed cities. Defense enterprises were provided with leading scientific and technical developments, staffed with highly qualified personnel, and equipped with modern equipment. There was no shortage of funding within the framework of the state defense order. As a result, nuclear, rocket, space and aviation projects implemented in the interests of the country's defense capability turned out to be innovations on a global scale. Many developments of those years are still relevant today.

HIGH-TECH PRODUCTS

The sharp decline in production volumes in Russia since 1990 and the unstable position of many enterprises producing high-tech products in recent years, indicate the absence of established market mechanisms for the reproduction of the knowledge-intensive sector of Russian industry. In fact, only those enterprises in knowledge-intensive industries that began working on foreign markets were able to adapt to new conditions (in the 20 years since the beginning of perestroika!). At the same time, the bulk of the developments used by enterprises are made before 1990, and the products are mostly modifications of those produced earlier.

The potential of the modern Russian economy, to a greater extent than the Soviet one, is aimed at servicing the export of raw materials to the world market. Due to sharp fluctuations in the commodity market, the economy cannot be in a state of stable equilibrium for a long time. The growth of knowledge-intensive markets is possible with the redistribution of financial, labor and other resources from other markets. Economy is dynamic developing countries world and companies is characterized by high intensity and effectiveness of scientific, technical and innovative activities, and the development of resource-saving technologies. The successful implementation of scientific and technological developments in these countries allows them to occupy a dominant position in world markets. In addition, the final products of knowledge-intensive industries have a larger share of added value than in other industries.

When creating many knowledge-intensive industries, due to the need for significant investments, there is a natural process of integration of resources, primarily financial and sales networks. Belonging to the category of knowledge-intensive sectors of the economy is characterized by the indicator of the knowledge intensity of products, which is determined by the ratio of R&D costs to total costs or sales volume. It is believed that for knowledge-intensive industries this figure should be 1.2-1.5 times higher intermediate level for manufacturing industry developed countries. It is problematic to identify an exact criterion for knowledge intensity, since, in addition to the difference in the indicator by industry, in one industry in different countries(due to differences in the structure of costs attributed to R&D), there is a tendency for the share of R&D to increase over time. The minimum threshold is currently around 5%.

Main characteristic features knowledge-intensive industries are:

The presence of scientific schools, teams of designers and technologists capable of creating unique and competitive products on the world market (such as the schools of V.P. Glushko, A.N. Tupolev and other outstanding chief designers of the last century);

The predominance of highly qualified engineering and technical employees and production personnel in the total number of employees of the enterprise;

A publicly accessible and effective system for training highly qualified personnel;

An effective system for protecting intellectual property rights;

Prompt implementation of developments that ensure increased competitiveness and high production dynamism;

Government incentives and support (legislative, financial and tax);

Active and effective investment and innovation activities;

Use of advanced technologies in production;

The long life cycle of many types of products, reaching, for example, in civil aviation, according to The Airline Monitor for past years, 30-40 years: 5-7 years - development, 1-2 years - production, 27 years - average service life;

High unit costs for R&D and a number of other factors.

The availability of financial resources for the implementation of an R&D project depends on the state of the company, determined by its activities. Therefore, the company’s cash flows, both during the implementation of a specific project and in general, must be assessed with the greatest possible accuracy. Carrying out high-quality calculations requires highly qualified economists and financial managers. However, there are a number of tasks that require the involvement of external consultants. Such tasks include the assessment of high-tech products, which requires adequate techniques and highly qualified specialists. Such projects include, for example, a project to assess the market value of the Sukhoi Superjet100 aircraft at the manufacturing stage, carried out by specialists from BF-Otsenka CJSC, part of the Bona Fide Finance Group.

An important component of any major project is marketing research aimed at forecasting product sales volumes (this article does not cover products purchased exclusively by the Ministry of Defense). In most cases, the cost of product development and subsequent sales volumes are the deciding factors in the decision to initiate financing. The practice of the well-known marketing company "Consulting House "Grifon" showed that the relevance of the marketing research potential investors are especially sensitive to negative findings regarding future product sales. Potential savings amount to at least tens of millions of dollars.

PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE

The life cycle of a product begins from the moment the financing of the research and development stage begins, during which the appearance of the product is determined. This is followed by the development of technical documentation, carrying out research and development work, manufacturing and testing of individual components and assemblies. This stage ends with the release of documentation and the creation of a prototype. Next, the prototype is tested and the product is finalized.

After successful testing, during which confirmation of the specified characteristics is obtained, serial production and operation of the products becomes possible. The operation of a product after the cessation of serial production continues to such a level of obsolescence that even after deep modernization it is unable to provide the required level of efficiency (subject to normal physical condition and economic feasibility of modernization).

Costs at all of these stages affect the cost of the product. Significant cost component life cycle are the costs of operating and repairing the product. To carry out operation, it is also necessary to create an appropriate service.

VALUE ASSESSMENT

The main feature of projects to evaluate high-tech products is the uniqueness of the objects themselves. When conducting an assessment, it is necessary to take into account many factors, such as market development, the economic life of the product, inflation, changes in GDP, changes in fuel prices and others. Assessment is carried out, as a rule, using three approaches: cost, comparative and income (reflecting the past, present and future).

For example, the methodology for assessing an aircraft at the manufacturing stage can be formalized as follows.

Within the cost approach, R&D costs are determined in relation to the planned number of products for production, and the average cost of producing the product is added to the resulting value.

As part of the comparative approach, comparisons are made based on key parameters. It is necessary to study the dependence of prices of analogues on flight technical and operational characteristics. To the most significant indicators factors affecting catalog and market prices for aircraft include the number of seats (passenger capacity), flight range, operating costs (other parameters can also be selected).

Within the framework of the income approach, the reduced cash flow, calculated for the most typical operating conditions, based on the range of routes, operating conditions and other factors.

Conducting an economic assessment (before the start of manufacturing, at the manufacturing stage, efficiency assessment, etc.) is relevant for development companies and manufacturing companies that bear risks at the design and manufacturing stage, air carriers interested in minimizing operating costs, and leasing companies interested in in the timely receipt of leasing payments, as well as in some cases financing the manufacture of products.

The quality of management in knowledge-intensive industries has far-reaching consequences, while the cost of error and responsibility for decisions made is much higher than in other industries.

For the acquisition and (or) creation of intellectual property products (exclusive rights to them), amounts to more than 3.5 percent..."

Official terminology. Akademik.ru. 2012.

See what “Knowledge-intensive products” are in other dictionaries:

Science-intensive products- products for which the science intensity indicator exceeds 1.2 1.5 times the world average level for the manufacturing industry of industrialized countries; ... Dictionary"Innovation activities." Terms of innovation management and related fields

HIGH-TECH PRODUCTS- products in the cost of which the share of R&D expenses significantly exceeds the industry average, or the value of similar indicators in related industries. In a number of cases, to such products (productions that produce them)… … War and peace in terms and definitions

UK economy- This article should be Wikified. Please format it according to the rules for formatting articles... Wikipedia

Economy of Germany- Economic indicators... Wikipedia

An innovative scientific and technical project (hereinafter referred to as a project) is scientific research or development aimed at solving a specific scientific and technical problem, as a result of which a knowledge-intensive product is created, sold as a product on... Official terminology

An independent innovative scientific and technical project (hereinafter referred to as an independent project) is a scientific research or development aimed at solving a major scientific and technical problem, which, in terms of topic, timing and amount of funding, is not... ... Official terminology

PRODUCT- – a key category of commodity production. There are different understandings of its essence. 1. In Marxist theory, T. is considered as useful to man product of labor intended for sale. From this definition it follows that: a) T. is ... Economics from A to Z: Thematic Guide

PRODUCT- (good; commodity; product) product of labor produced for sale. T. is everything that can satisfy a need and is offered to the market for the purpose of acquisition, use and consumption. Commodity unit separate integrity,... ... Foreign economic explanatory dictionary

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In the third chapter“Organization of the process of managing the formation of a production program for the release of high-tech products” reveals the organizational aspect of the problem under study. Dans practical recommendations on organizing the process of forming a production program using the proposed method and algorithm, as well as recommendations for improvement information support formation of a production program. The results of practical testing of the author's developments are presented using the example of the enterprise JSC "Research Institute for Measuring Technology - Radio Engineering Systems".

In conclusion the main results of the dissertation research are presented, conclusions and recommendations are formulated.

BASIC PROVISIONS FOR DEFENSE

1. The concept of “high-tech products” has been clarified. A classification of high-tech products has been developed.

The study showed that a single, generally accepted definition of the concept of high-tech products has not yet been developed. Modern authors use a number of similar terms, such as “knowledge-intensive products”, “high-tech products”, “innovative product”, “intellectual product”, “scientific and technical products”, “high technologies”, “innovations”, etc. However, they do not The meaning in which one or another term is used is always clear, and the difference in the essence of these terms is not always obvious.

The terms “high-tech products”, “high-tech industries”, “high-tech complex” appeared in the domestic literature relatively recently. Most researchers identify the concept of “high-tech” using the value of the science intensity indicator, due to which the terms “high-tech” and “knowledge-intensive” are currently used mainly as synonyms. However, in our opinion, this is not entirely correct, since the fact that production is knowledge-intensive (the share of costs for science in the total cost of production should be at least 3.5–5.0%) does not automatically mean that it is high-tech (advanced technologies should be massively applied in high-tech industries).

Based on the analysis carried out, the work proposes the following definition of the concept “ high-tech products": these are products manufactured by enterprises of knowledge-intensive industries, produced using the latest equipment and technologies, with the participation of highly qualified, specially trained personnel, embodying modern scientific achievements, best practices and having high socio-economic efficiency.

The proposed definition, in contrast to those found in literary sources, contains a formal criterion for classifying a product as a high-tech product, its main features and qualitative characteristics, which makes it possible to clearly identify its concept and separate it from other similar concepts.

Based on an analysis of the list of high-tech products (in accordance with the standard international trade classification SITC), as well as research materials on this topic, a classification of high-tech products was developed (Table 1).

It should be noted that at present there are practically no attempts in the literature to classify high-tech products as a whole class. Existing classifications affect its individual types and most often use two characteristics: the degree of knowledge intensity of the industry and the type of production. The developed classification, unlike the existing ones, firstly, applies to the entire class of high-tech products, and secondly, it expands the list of classification criteria.

2. The specific features of the organization of production of high-tech products as an object of management are revealed, the main features of the market of high technologies and related products are formulated from the point of view of their influence on the process of managing the production and sale of such products.

Developing an effective management system for the production and sale of high-tech products and justifying the feasibility of using certain approaches and methods is impossible without taking into account the specifics of high-tech products and their market.

In studies devoted to the problems of development of the high-tech complex in Russia, the authors provide characteristics of such products in various aspects (including from the position of production management and promotion to the market), determine the features of marketing and the specifics of its individual types, for example, innovative goods, scientific and technical products, goods for industrial and technical purposes, technologies themselves as goods, but rarely high-tech products as a whole class. In our opinion, there is still no complete, systematized study of high-tech products as an object of market relations.

It is proposed to include the following among the features of high-tech products that must be taken into account in managing their production and sales.

1. Uniqueness, high degree of differentiation. The increasingly accelerating pace of development of science and technology, as well as the steady increase in demand for their achievements, lead to a rapid change of products, the appearance on the market

Table 1

Classification of high-tech products

Science-intensive products- these are products in which the share of R&D costs in the total cost of sales is at least 2.5%.

Promotion, as an element of the marketing mix, includes all means of communication that can convey information to the general public. These funds are conventionally divided into five large classes: advertising, sales promotion, public relations, sales agents (personal selling) and direct marketing.

Practice shows that traditional approaches that work successfully for other types of goods cannot always be applied when promoting a new scientific and technological progress to the market. The main feature lies in the very specifics of the product, since usually the implementation of scientific and technical developments requires significant costs, introduction new technology V production process, and is also characterized by a high risk of “non-acceptance” of the new product by the market.

The existence of various stages of development of scientific and technological progress gives rise to the presence of several ways to promote them to the market:

“introductory” marketing, which is used on early stages development, when first of all it is necessary to familiarize users with the main features, technologies, and possibilities for using a scientific and technical product;

“applied” marketing, which is used in the presence of scientific and technological progress analogues and is aimed at familiarizing the user with a specific scientific and technical product;

“comparative” marketing, which is a continuation of applied marketing and is used when the user needs not only to be able to use a scientific and technical product, but also to find the one that best suits his needs, as well as financial capabilities

The basis for promoting scientific and technological progress to foreign markets is the positioning of these products in their market segment. Positioning involves defining individual characteristics offered products and their differences from existing analogues. Therefore, it is important to compare in detail all the essential parameters of the proposed scientific and technological progress with the parameters of existing ones.

The main feature of promoting scientific and technical progress is to explain to potential users the advantages, main characteristics and new consumer properties offered for use. The sources of information about scientific and technical progress are: publications of national and international official organizations; publications by government agencies; publications of chambers of commerce and industry and associations; analytical reports of scientific organizations; data on registration of patents, licenses and other exclusive rights of competitors; books, messages in special magazines and newspapers; price lists, catalogues, prospectuses and other branded publications.

Essence, evaluation indicators, product quality measures.

The objective need to ensure adequate quality in the process of design, manufacture and use of new products initiates the use of a special system of indicators in the production and economic activities of enterprises that make it possible to determine and control the quality level of all types of products:

Differentiated

2. Generalizing– characterize the overall quality level of the entire range of products produced

3. General– reflect the quality of all or many product visuals.

The following groups of indicators are used: appointments; economical use of raw materials, materials, fuel and energy; reliability (reliability, durability, maintainability, storability); ergonomic; aesthetic; manufacturability; transportability; standardization and unification; patent law; environmental; security.

Product quality management in an organization.

Modern business conditions force each enterprise to implement an effective control mechanism for product quality management and strictly adhere to its requirements. The defining elements of this specific management, which have the most significant impact on the process of constantly ensuring production and supplying the market with competitive products, are standardization and certification of products.

Product standardization

Under standardization understand the establishment of uniform rules in order to streamline activities in a particular industry. In relation to products, standardization covers several structural elements:

1. Establishing requirements for the quality of finished products, as well as raw materials, materials, semi-finished products and components.

2. Development of unification and aggregation of products as the most important condition for specialization and automation of production

3. Determination of standards, requirements and methods in the field of design and manufacture of quality products

4. Creation of unified systems for classification and coding of products, information carriers, forms and methods of organizing production

5. Formation unified system indicators of product quality, methods of testing and control, ensuring the unification of measurement terms and designations.

Certification of products and quality systems

Certification

Product certification.

Certification is a procedure by which authorized bodies provide written assurance that a product, process or service meets specified requirements.

Certification is based on standards, compliance with which is a prerequisite for the successful operation of any enterprise, organization, or institution.

Certification is a manufacturer’s guarantee of compliance with the standard: quality control (state, departments, technical).

Product certification carried out in two forms: 1 Mandatory. product certification is a mandatory form of confirmation of product quality in accordance with the requirements of technical regulatory legal acts in force in the territory of the Republic of Belarus. Mandatory certification on the territory of the Republic of Belarus is carried out in relation to products included in the list of products, works, services and other objects of conformity assessment subject to mandatory confirmation of conformity, approved by the Regulation. State Committee for Standardization of the Republic of Belarus dated December 16, 2008 No. 60. Products included in the corresponding lists of technical regulations of the Republic of Belarus or technical regulations of the Customs Union approved in the territory of the Republic of Belarus are also subject to mandatory certification. Voluntary product certification is a voluntary confirmation of product compliance with the requirements of technical regulatory legal acts in force in the territory of the Republic of Belarus, that is, a conformity confirmation procedure that is carried out at the initiative of the applicant. During voluntary certification, the applicant independently selects technical regulatory legal acts in the field of technical regulation and standardization, for compliance with which voluntary certification is carried out, and determines the range of indicators verified during voluntary certification. The presence of a voluntary certificate is not only a good advertisement for a product, but is also often a decisive factor in tenders. Product certification is carried out in accordance with the requirements of TCP 5.1.02-2012 "National system for confirming conformity of the Republic of Belarus. Product certification. Basic provisions." The sale of products subject to mandatory certification on the territory of the Republic of Belarus without a certificate of conformity is prohibited.

To understand the features of promotion high-tech products it is necessary to define the terms high-tech, knowledge-intensive, innovative products. It is important to distinguish between these concepts. It is also of great importance to understand the essence of innovative activity and the need for it. The classification of high-tech products is of fundamental importance. There are several main trends transforming the modern international economic space, among which we can highlight the process of integration, the trend of deregulation, and privatization.

The above factors inevitably lead to the liberalization of markets, a reduction in the number of monopolies due to their inefficiency, which in turn entails increased competition, the struggle for markets and consumers. In these conditions, one of the most important strategic advantages, which have the final say in determining the winner in this struggle, is the implementation of innovative activities.

“Innovation activity is a process aimed at translating the results of scientific research and development or other scientific and technical achievements into a new or improved product sold on the market, into a new or improved technological process used in practical activities.”

Modern practice “shows an exceptional degree of risk precisely in innovations - on average, out of five new goods and services, four bring nothing but losses to their creators.” Of course, an innovative product is the result of a long process of scientific and technical research, development work, work, associated with the creation of prototypes and serial samples of new products and technologies, as well as with the preparation of production and industrial testing, which require significant not only intellectual, but also financial costs. Because of this, the necessity of conducting a carefully planned and deliberate marketing campaign research, as well as influencing the intended market for the product, that is, the target market, is undeniable. A high-tech product, as a rule, is either completely new to the market (its target segment) or a qualitatively new, modified version of an existing position. In both the first and second cases, for the successful existence of a high-tech product on the market, a preliminary thorough study of the market is necessary. In addition, it is necessary to constantly explain the advantages of a high-tech product, its advantages over analogues, and the reasons why a potential buyer should prefer it.

Enterprises that actively use scientific and technological advances in their production, as a rule, show better profitability indicators compared to the world average. The rankings of leaders in profitability have long not included raw materials companies, in whose cost structure the share of scientific, technical and experimental developments is usually extremely low. The Forbes 2000 list includes 25 Russian companies: 8 of them operate in the oil and gas sector, 5 in the metallurgy sector, 3 in the electricity sector, 3 in banking, 2 in food retail, 1 in the chemical industry and a total of 2 companies operate in the field of high technology, namely telecommunications.

IN modern literature You can find two concepts that are close in meaning: high-tech products and knowledge-intensive products. They are often used as synonyms, however, this is erroneous. Both high-tech products and knowledge-intensive products are a form of manifestation of innovation, when considered as a result. Consequently, the features of the innovation market as a whole can be transferred to them, which include the following:

Often the manufacturer is faced with a new, not yet explored market segment due to the introduction of a new product, in this regard, it becomes an extremely important task to timely explain to the buyer what kind of product it is, what needs it satisfies, its key advantages in comparison with substitute products, otherwise the product will fail in the market;

as a rule, this market is not elastic due to the unique qualitative characteristics of the innovation, and therefore its price has little effect on demand, in other words, it is possible to influence sales volumes using a tool such as pricing policy in an extremely limited range;

Most often, the capacity of the innovation market is much narrower than others, so in the market for innovations for industrial purposes there is a situation of oligopsony. Oligopsony in economics is a market situation characterized by a limited number of consumers and a large number of sellers (producers). Almost the entire military-industrial complex operates in an oligopsony regime, the products of which are purchased by a very limited circle of state law enforcement agencies or the governments of other countries.

Most often, the capacity of the innovation market is much narrower than others, so in the market for innovations for industrial purposes there is a situation of oligopsony. Oligopsony in economics is a market situation characterized by a limited number of consumers and a large number of sellers (producers). Almost the entire military-industrial complex operates in an oligopsony regime, the products of which are purchased by a very limited circle of state law enforcement agencies or the governments of other countries.

Science-intensive products

Traditionally, the concept of “knowledge-intensive products” includes goods in the production of which the ratio of research and development costs to the average annual production volume is increased (from 5% to 10%). The author considers it necessary to note that in modern practice there is no single “threshold” of knowledge intensity, because this indicator varies depending on the industry and its specific features. When highlighting high-tech products as a special type of goods, it is necessary to highlight a number of features characteristic of them.

Firstly, due to the use of scientific and design research, high-tech products are technically complex and require particularly qualified labor to create. Secondly, as a rule, as a result of the transfer of R&D results to products, the output appears “unique products, the properties of which must be explained to consumers.”

And thirdly, again due to the high share of R&D costs in production volume, in most cases, high-tech products have a higher cost, and, therefore, a nominal value compared to similar ones. It should be noted here that, despite this, the products in question, as a rule, turn out to be cheaper per unit of beneficial effect when compared with analogues.

High-tech products are technically complex products, the production of which uses complex technological processes. A sign of complexity is that in high-tech industries, products or technological processes, are based on the results of not only applied, but also fundamental scientific research. Speaking about the concept of high-tech products, let us dwell on its distinctive characteristics: from the definition given above, it is obvious that high-tech products embody the most complex scientific and technical research;

due to the active involvement of R&D in the development of these products, manufactured models are often replaced by more advanced modifications;

As a rule, high-tech products carry an extremely high innovative component, which literally revolutionizes the target market;

high investment in scientific research and development projects.

The definition of high-tech products can be approached from two positions: industry and product. In 2010, the OECD provided the following division of economic sectors based on high-tech. Note that high-tech industries include industries with a share of research and development costs of 8% or more. The classification is based on the sign of scientific and technical intensity.

Pharmaceuticals

Precision Optics

Medical equipment

Scientific instrumentation

Electronic communications

Aerospace

Computer industry

Medium-high technology

Ground transportation technologies

Automotive industry

Electrical equipment

Non-electrical equipment

Medium-low technologies

Chemical technologies, excluding pharmaceuticals

Rubber and plastic products

ShipbuildingOther production, processing

Non-ferrous metals

Non-metallic mineral products

Ferrous metallurgy

Paper industry and printing

Low tech

Textiles and clothing

Food, drinks and tobacco

Oil refining

Metallurgy

Woodworking and furniture production

In addition, in 1997 the OECD proposed the following groups of high-tech products, within the framework of the so-called product approach:

Aerospace products

Computers

Electronic telecommunications

Pharmacology

Scientific instruments

Electrical equipment

Chemical products

Non-electrical equipment

Armament

The concepts of science-intensive and high-tech products are in many ways similar, however, they are not interchangeable. Based on the above definitions, it can be established that high-tech products will not always be high-tech, because a high share of costs for scientific and technical research can theoretically be present in any industry, not only in the high-tech segment. The converse is also not always true. "If the industry is in en masse If technically complex products are produced and sold, then the ratio of the annual volume of R&D to the volume of production will be lower than the standard for the industry.