Human health is not only a condition for a full life, but also a leading system-forming factor of state policy and national security, and the most important, priority role is given to preventive medicine. Back in the 19th century, the brilliant surgeon N.I. Pirogov asserted: “The future belongs to preventive medicine,” and the famous clinician and scientist G.A. Zakharyin said: “The more mature a practical doctor, the more he understands the power of hygiene and the relative weakness of treatment , therapy". Their statements have acquired even greater relevance in modern conditions, when a person is influenced not only by natural factors, but also by a whole complex of anthropogenic factors caused by intense chemical, biological and physical pollution of the environment, unreasonable use of natural resources, the peculiarities of the formation and nature of the social environment, military ambitions and etc. New technologies have appeared - sources of previously unknown factors to which humans do not have developed adaptation mechanisms. Genetic engineering is being introduced in various industries, the use of computers, cell phones and other sources of electromagnetic radiation, which also turn out to be harmful, is gaining global proportions, and the influence of social factors is growing. Exposure to these factors, even of low intensity, poses a serious threat to human health, as it can become the cause or risk of developing many diseases, including malignant neoplasms, cardiovascular, neuropsychiatric diseases, immunodeficiency states and other pathologies, the treatment of which, often, despite all the achievements of clinical medicine, does not achieve the desired effect. In this situation, only preventive measures aimed at improving human living conditions can reduce the risk of developing diseases and maintain the health of the population. The founder of hygienic science F.F. Erisman said in this regard: “If the correct recognition of a disease and the correct method of treating it are considered very important and significant..., how can one not call the ability to diagnose and eliminate those sanitary ailments of society that are extremely important and significant?” are the causes of these diseases and deaths than all the prescriptions and medicines taken together...” Preventive medicine is not the province of hygienists only; without preventive measures, the work of any general practitioner is impossible. The hygienic way of thinking and broad knowledge in this area should be laid down from the student’s bench, and preventive medicine should take its rightful place in the training of future doctors.
Basic preventive medical science is hygiene. She studies the patterns of influence of environmental factors on the human body and public health in order to substantiate hygienic standards, sanitary rules and measures, the implementation of which will provide optimal conditions for life, health promotion and disease prevention.
Hygiene gets its name from the Greek word hygieinos, meaning bringer of health. According to ancient Greek mythology, the god of healing Asclepius (Aesculapius) had a daughter, Hygieia, who gave health to people, warning occurrence of diseases. The ancient Greeks deified Hygieia and considered her the goddess of health. After the name of the goddess, preventive medical science was called hygiene.
Purpose hygiene is maintaining and strengthening human health, preventing diseases. Very capacious and expressive definition The goals of hygiene were given by the founder of experimental hygiene in England, Edward Parkes: “Hygiene as a science pursues a great and noble goal - to make the development of the human body the most perfect, life the most powerful, withering the most retarded, and death the most remote.”
Hygiene achieves its goal by developing and implementing scientifically based hygienic standards, sanitary rules, and preventive measures aimed at protecting and improving the human environment - habitat and production activities. To achieve this, hygienic science solves the following problems:
1. Study of natural and anthropogenic environmental factors that affect human health.
2. Study of the patterns of influence of these factors on human or population health.
3. Scientific substantiation and development of hygienic standards, rules and measures to maximize the use of environmental factors that have a positive effect on the human body and eliminate or limit adverse effects to safe levels.
4. Introduction into health care practice and the national economy of the developed hygienic recommendations, rules and regulations, assessment of their effectiveness and improvement.
5. Forecasting the sanitary situation for the short and long term.
Under studying factors environment implies a characteristic of their nature, origin, properties, levels of exposure, behavior in the environment, etc. For example, a newly synthesized chemical compound is proposed for introduction into production. The hygienist's job is to determine chemical structure, structure of matter, its physical and chemical properties, reactivity, ability to undergo rapid degradation, migration paths in the environment, links in the technological chain that can become their sources, searching for information about the availability of analogues already used in production, their properties and standards, etc. Thus, a complete qualitative and a quantitative characteristic of a compound, which allows us to assume the possible nature of the effect on humans.
After obtaining all the necessary information about the substance itself, it is studied its impact on the human body and the environment. The routes of entry of a substance into the body, metabolic transformations, the possibility of accumulation and deposition, the degree of toxicity and danger, the mechanism of toxic action, etc. are clarified, for which a hygienic experiment is usually carried out on animals. The data obtained is used as a scientific basis for the development safe level of exposure (hygienic standard) of this substance. At the same time, recommendations, rules, instructions, etc. are being developed, which describe measures the implementation of which will prevent or reduce the level of environmental pollution with this substance.
Hygienic standardization factors is the main link on which preventive measures are based. Hygienic regulation means the determination of concentrations, doses and levels of factors of various natures, which, when exposed to a person every day throughout his life or during his working life, will not have a direct or indirect effect on his health and the health of his offspring. For chemical factors, MPC (maximum permissible concentration) and ESLV (approximate safe exposure level) are used as hygienic standards, for physical factors - MPL (maximum permissible level), for biological factors - MAC.
The next task is to implement the developed standards, recommendations, and rules into practice and evaluate their effectiveness. Efficiency is assessed through a sanitary inspection of the facility, in technological process of which in our example a newly synthesized substance was used, determination of its concentrations in the air of the work area and other environments, study of the health and performance status of workers. Medical and social effectiveness is expressed in a decrease in morbidity and increased efficiency. Also defined economic efficiency, i.e. profit received as a result of the implementation of developed standards and measures into practice, by reducing payments for sick leave, increasing labor productivity, etc. If there is a negative trend in the sanitary condition of the facility, there is an increase in occupational morbidity, and productivity is low, which means that the developed standards and measures require correction.
And finally forecasting the sanitary situation for the short and long term, carried out with the help mathematical models, makes it possible to timely plan and carry out the necessary preventive measures.
Subject hygiene studies are practically healthy people, their individual, collective and public health, as well as environmental factors, affecting the human body in certain social conditions: physical, chemical, biological and psychogenic (informational).
Physical, chemical and biological environmental factors can have natural or anthropogenic (social) origin. So, to natural chemicals factors include substances included in natural chemical composition atmospheric air, water, soil, food, etc., and to anthropogenic– chemical pollutants entering these environments as a result of various types human activity. Both natural and anthropogenic chemical factors influence human health. Many natural chemical components are vital for humans, and their deficiency or excess can lead to the development of diseases. Anthropogenic chemical factors, as a rule, are toxic agents and have negative impact on human health.
Natural physical factors are solar radiation, temperature, humidity, air movement, atmospheric pressure, geomagnetic field, etc. These factors are necessary for human life, but their extreme levels can cause deep disorders, diseases or even death of the body. Anthropogenic physical factors - vibration, noise, laser radiation, ionizing radiation and others mostly provide harmful effects on the human body.
Psychogenic factors are purely social in nature. These include factors that influence a person through the second signaling system: words, speech, sounds, music, color, writing, printed materials, relationships in a team, etc. Causing various emotions, changing mental state, these factors have a positive or negative impact on a person.
Man is a biosocial being, therefore his health is socially determined condition, i.e. is largely determined by social factors: working conditions, living conditions, material well-being, nutrition, biological and genetic characteristics, gender, unhealthy lifestyle (smoking, alcoholism, drug addiction), etc. The influence of these social conditions on human health is mediated through the effects of chemical, physical , biological and psychogenic factors of the social environment. For example, smoking leads to the development of diseases caused by it due to the effect of tobacco on the body as a chemical factor, etc.
IN real life a person is exposed to many factors simultaneously and the nature of their combined influence can be different: favorable, neutral, or harmful and dangerous.
INDIVIDUAL ORAL HYGIENE
The leading component of the prevention of dental diseases is oral hygiene. Systematic brushing of teeth and removal of soft dental deposits contribute to the physiological process of maturation of tooth enamel. Biologically active components of hygiene products (toothpastes, elixirs) enrich tooth and periodontal tissues with phosphate salts, calcium, microelements, vitamins, increasing their resistance to harmful influences. Regular massage of the gums while brushing your teeth helps activate metabolic processes, improving blood circulation in periodontal tissues.
Personal hygiene - involves careful and regular removal of dental plaque from the surfaces of teeth and gums by the patient himself using various means hygiene.
To achieve best efficiency In order to carry out hygienic measures, various products and items for oral care are used. Recently, their range has become especially wide and varied.
Using modern means to remove plaque from the surfaces of teeth, one cannot ignore the method by which this is done. Currently known various techniques removing plaque, however, given individual characteristics oral cavity, it is advisable to recommend to the patient the best method that will achieve a good cleansing effect.
To achieve this goal, the doctor is required to provide detailed instructions and demonstrate the chosen method on a model, and the patient is required to consistently perform movements until complete mastery of the chosen technique with daily brushing of teeth.
Circular Fones method. With this method, the vestibular surfaces of the teeth are cleaned in a closed state. The brush field is placed in the right corner on the upper or lower vestibular surfaces of the teeth, cleaning is performed in a circular motion, excluding the marginal part of the gums. When opening the mouth, clean the oral surfaces with small rotational movements. Horizontal or rotational movements clean the occlusal surfaces of the teeth. This method is indicated for children and adults.
Leonard method. The toothbrush is placed perpendicular to the surface of the teeth, making vertical movements only in the direction from the gums to the crown of the tooth:
on upper jaw- from top to bottom, to lower jaw- from bottom to top. The vestibular surfaces of the teeth are cleaned with the jaws closed, the chewing surfaces are cleaned with back and forth movements of the brush. This method is known as the "red to white" method - "from gum to tooth".
Bass method. The head of the toothbrush is placed at an angle of 45° to the axis of the tooth. The ends of the fibers are pressed against the enamel and papillae. In this position, vibrating movements are performed with a small amplitude. The fibers penetrate into the interdental spaces and gingival sulcus, thereby promoting good plaque removal. Bass's method is not entirely simple. Incorrect position of the toothbrush, for example, vertical to the axis of the tooth, leads to damage to the epithelial attachment and gums. This method is indicated for adults.
Charters method. The head of the toothbrush is set at an angle of 45° to the tooth axis so that the ends of the fibers, touching the outer surface of the crown, reach the cutting edge. Using light pressure, carefully push the tips of the bristles into the interdental spaces. In this position, vibrating movements occur. The fibers come into contact with the marginal gum and perform a massage.
Stillmann method. With this technique, the bristles of the toothbrush are set at an angle of 45° in the direction of the roots of the teeth, followed by turning the brush in the direction of the crowns. At the same time, the bristles clean the spaces between teeth under pressure. In the frontal area of the oral cavity, the toothbrush is placed vertically, and the cleaning technique is repeated. It is recommended to repeat these movements 4-5 times in the area of each tooth.
Modified Stillmann method. Toothbrush It is installed parallel to the axis of the dentition, while the bristles cover the coronal part of the teeth and the mucous membrane. The bristles are pressed against the dentition in the mucosal area, and then with small vibrating movements the brush is raised to the level of the chewing surface.
Standard method of brushing teeth Pakhomova G.N. The dentition is conventionally divided into several segments. Teeth brushing begins with an area in the area of the upper right chewing teeth, sequentially moving from segment to segment. The teeth on the lower jaw are cleaned in the same order. When cleaning the vestibular and oral surfaces of molars and premolars, the working part of the toothbrush is positioned at an angle of 45° to the tooth and cleansing movements are made from gum to tooth, while simultaneously removing plaque from the gum teeth. The chewing surfaces of the teeth are cleaned with horizontal (reciprocating) movements so that the fibers of the brush penetrate deep into the fissures and interdental spaces.
The vestibular surface of the frontal group of teeth of the upper and lower jaws is cleaned with the same movements as molars and premolars. When cleaning the oral surface, the brush handle is positioned perpendicular to the occlusal plane of the teeth, while the fibers are at an acute angle to them and capture not only the teeth, but also the gums. Finish cleaning all segments with circular movements.
Toothbrushes
A toothbrush is the main tool for removing deposits from the surface of teeth and gums. It is known that the peoples of Asia, Africa, and South America used devices similar to a toothbrush as early as 300-400 BC. e. Toothbrushes began to be used in Russia around the 18th century. Currently, there are many models of toothbrushes, the purpose of which is to remove plaque from the smooth and occlusal surfaces of teeth. A toothbrush consists of a handle and a working part (head) with tufts of bristles located on it. Types of toothbrushes differ in the shape and size of the handles and working part, the location and density, length and quality of the bristles. Toothbrushes use natural bristles or synthetic fiber (nylon, setron, perlon, dederlon, polyurethane, etc.). However, compared to synthetic fiber, natural bristles have a number of disadvantages: the presence of a middle channel filled with microorganisms, the difficulty of keeping brushes clean, the impossibility of perfectly smooth processing of the ends of the bristles, and the difficulty of imparting a certain rigidity to it. The effectiveness of using a toothbrush is determined by the correct individual selection, taking into account its rigidity, the size of the brush field, the shape and frequency of fiber bushing.
There are five degrees of toothbrush hardness:
- Very tough;
- Hard;
- Average;
- Soft;
- Very soft.
Recommendations for patients on the use of a toothbrush of varying degrees of hardness are purely individual. The most widely used brushes medium degree rigidity. Typically, children's toothbrushes are made from very soft or soft fiber. Toothbrushes of the same degree of hardness are recommended for use in patients with periodontal disease. Hard and very hard toothbrushes can only be recommended for people with healthy periodontal tissues, however, wrong method cleaning, they can injure the gums and cause abrasion of the hard tissues of the tooth.
It should be noted that medium-hard and soft brushes are most effective, since their bristles are more flexible and better penetrate into the interdental spaces, dental fissures and subgingival areas.
The size of the working part determines the ability of the toothbrush to clean all surfaces of the teeth, even hard-to-reach ones. Nowadays (for both adults and children) it is recommended to use brushes with a small head that are easy to manipulate in the mouth. Its dimensions for children are 18-25 mm, for adults - no more than 30 mm, while the fibers are organized into bundles, which are usually located in 3 or 4 rows. This arrangement of fibers allows you to better clean all surfaces of the teeth.
There are many models of toothbrushes with different shapes of the working part.
- Toothbrushes with a V-shaped arrangement of fiber bundles are recommended to be used to clean plaque from the contact surfaces of teeth in people with wide interdental spaces. In most cases, the working part of toothbrushes has tufts of bristles of different heights: longer (softer) along the periphery, shorter ones in the center.
- New models of toothbrushes have a power projection for better cleansing molars and deep penetration into the interdental spaces, as well as an active recess, which allows you to clean all surfaces of the teeth and massage the area of the attached gum. Some toothbrush heads consist of a combination of tufts of bristles, varying in height and positioned at different angles to the base. Each group of beams contributes to a more thorough removal of plaque in a particular area of the dentition. Straight high fibers clean plaque in interdental spaces; short ones - in fissures. Bundles of fibers located in an oblique direction, penetrating into the dental-gingival sulcus, remove plaque from the cervical area. New models of toothbrushes often have an indicator - two rows of tufts of fibers colored with multi-colored food dyes. As the brush is used, it becomes discolored. The signal to replace the brush is discoloration at 1/2 the height of the bristles, which usually occurs after 2-3 months with daily brushing of the teeth twice.
- Toothbrush handle shapes can also be different: straight, curved, spoon-shaped, etc., however, its length should be sufficient to ensure maximum comfort when brushing your teeth.
- There are toothbrushes in which, when brushing your teeth (within 2-3 minutes), the original color of the handle changes. It is advisable to recommend this model of toothbrush to children, which makes it possible to teach the child to brush their teeth correctly. Toothbrushes that have a rattle built into the handle have the same property. With correct (vertical) movements of the brush, a sound is made, and with horizontal (incorrect) movements, the toothbrush is “silent”.
- Electric toothbrushes - with their help, circular or vibrating automatic movements of the working part are carried out, this allows you to thoroughly remove plaque and at the same time massage the gums. The use of an electric toothbrush can be recommended for children, disabled people or patients with insufficient dexterity.
- Additional oral hygiene products include toothpicks, dental floss, special toothbrushes and brushes.
Toothpicks are intended to remove food debris from interdental spaces and plaque from the lateral surfaces of teeth. When using toothpicks, they are placed at an angle of 45° to the tooth, with the end of the toothpick in the gingival groove and the side pressed against the surface of the tooth. Then the tip of the toothpick is moved along the tooth, following from the base of the groove to the contact point of the teeth. If a toothpick is used incorrectly, injury to the interdental papilla and changes in its contour are possible. This in turn leads to the formation of space, a gap between the teeth. Toothpicks are made of wood and plastic; their shape can be triangular, flat or round; sometimes toothpicks are flavored with menthol.
Flosses Designed for thorough removal of plaque and food debris from contact surfaces of teeth that are difficult to reach with a brush. Flosses can be waxed or unwaxed, round or flat, sometimes with menthol impregnation.
Method of using thread. A thread 35 - 40 cm long is wound around the first phalanx of the middle fingers of both hands. Then carefully insert a tensioned thread (using the index fingers - on the lower jaw and thumbs- on the upper jaw) along the contact surface of the tooth, being careful not to injure the periodontal papilla. With a few strokes, the threads remove all soft deposits. Consistently clean the contact surfaces on all sides of each tooth. If used improperly, the gums can be damaged, so the use of threads is possible only after preliminary training of the patient. Children can use floss on their own starting at the age of 9 - 10 years. Before this age, parents are recommended to clean the contact surfaces of children's teeth.
Currently, threads impregnated with fluorides have begun to be used. This type of hygiene product allows you to further strengthen the enamel in hard-to-reach places for brushing your teeth and help prevent caries. In addition, there are superflosses - threads with one-sided thickening. These threads allow you to clean the contact surfaces of the teeth, and also contribute to a more thorough removal of food debris and plaque from the orthopedic and orthodontic structures existing in the oral cavity.
Special toothbrushes Designed for cleaning interdental spaces, cervical areas of teeth, spaces under bridges and fixed orthodontic structures. Their working part can consist of one bundle of fibers, trimmed in the form of a cone, or several bundles placed in one row.
Toothpastes
Toothpastes should be good at removing soft plaque and food debris; be pleasant to the taste, have a good deodorizing and refreshing effect and not have side effects: locally irritating and allergenic.
The main components of toothpastes are abrasive, gelling and foaming substances, as well as fragrances, dyes and substances that improve the taste of the paste. The effectiveness of teeth cleaning depends on the abrasive components of the pastes, which provide a cleansing and polishing effect.
- Abrasive substances react with inorganic compounds of tooth enamel. In this regard, along with the classic abrasive compound - chemically precipitated chalk, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, dicalcium phosphate monohydrate, anhydrous dicalcium phosphate, tricalcium phosphate, calcium pyrophosphate, insoluble sodium metaphosphate, aluminum hydroxide, silicon dioxide, zirconium silicate, polymer compounds are widely used methyl methacrylate. Often, not one abrasive substance is used, but a mixture of two components, for example, chalk and dicalcium phosphate, chalk and aluminum hydroxide, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate and anhydrous dicalcium phosphate, etc.
- Each abrasive compound has a certain degree of dispersion, hardness, and pH value, on which the abrasive ability and alkalinity of the pastes obtained from them depend. When developing formulations, the choice of abrasive depends on the properties and purpose of toothpastes. Among synthetic hydrocolloids, derivatives of cellulose, cotton or wood - sodium carboxymethylcellulose, ethyl and methyl cellulose ethers - are widely used.
- Polyhydric alcohols - glycerin, polyethylene glycol - are used in toothpastes to obtain a plastic, homogeneous mass that is easily squeezed out of the tube. These alcohols help retain moisture in the paste during storage, increase the freezing point, increase the stability of the foam formed when brushing teeth, and improve the taste of the paste.
- Among the foaming agents in toothpastes, surfactants are used, such as alizarin oil, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium lauryl sarcosinate and sodium tauride fatty acids. The components of the toothpaste must be harmless, not irritate the oral mucosa, and have a high foaming ability.
- Recently, gel-like toothpastes based on silicon oxide compounds and having a high foaming ability have found use. Gel pastes are pleasant to the taste and have different colors due to added dyes, but the cleaning ability of some of these pastes is lower than pastes containing a chalk base or dicalcium phosphate.
Toothpastes may contain biologically active components, which makes them possible for use as primary treatments for periodontal diseases.
The most widely used therapeutic and prophylactic agent is fluoride-containing toothpastes. These pastes are recommended for children and adults for the prevention of dental caries.
Sodium and tin fluorides, monofluorophosphate, sodium fluoride acidified with phosphates, and, more recently, organic fluorine compounds (aminofluorides) are added to toothpastes as anti-caries additives.
Fluorides increase the resistance of teeth to acids formed by plaque microorganisms, enhance the remineralization of enamel and inhibit the metabolism of plaque microorganisms. It has been established that an indispensable condition for the prevention of caries is the presence of an active (non-bound) fluoride ion.
Toothpastes for adults contain from 0.11% to 0.76% sodium fluoride or from 0.38% to 1.14% sodium monofluorophosphate. In children's toothpastes, fluoride compounds are found in smaller quantities (up to 0.023%). The combination of sodium fluoride and calcium and silicon-containing abrasives in some toothpastes constitutes a special Fluoristat system.
To reduce the amount of plaque and inhibit the growth of tartar crystals, toothpastes include components such as triclosan, which has an antibacterial effect on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and a copolymer that promotes the prolonged action of triclosan for 12 hours after brushing teeth. The entry of fluoride into tooth enamel increases its resistance to acid demineralization due to the formation of structures more resistant to dissolution. Pastes containing potassium and sodium phosphates, calcium and sodium glycerophosphates, calcium gluconate, and zinc oxide have a pronounced anti-caries effect. A similar effect is achieved by toothpastes containing derivatives of chitin and chitosan, which have an affinity for proteins and are capable of inhibiting the adsorption of Streptococcus mutans, mitis, sanguis on the surface of hydroxyapatite. Components included in some toothpastes, such as Remodent 3%, calcium glycerophosphate 0.13%, synthetic hydroxyapatite (from 2% to 17%), help reduce the increased sensitivity of enamel by closing the entrance holes of the dentinal tubules.
The use of medicated toothpastes is a simple and accessible form of prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases. They contain biologically active substances: enzymes, vitamins, microelements, salts, antiseptics, medicinal herbs.
Toothpastes containing brine from the Pomorie estuaries as an active component improve the blood supply to periodontal tissues, their trophism, and have a preventive and therapeutic effect.
Toothpastes with the addition of drugs based on medicinal herbs have an anti-inflammatory effect: chamomile, St. John's wort, cloves, yarrow, calamus, calendula, sage, ginseng root extract. Toothpastes containing lavender extract have a moderate bactericidal effect on streptococci and staphylococci and a pronounced effect on Candida mushrooms albicans
To accelerate the regenerative processes of the mucous membrane, biologically active components are introduced into toothpastes - enzymes, oil solutions of vitamins A and E, carotoline.
Recently, therapeutic and prophylactic toothpastes have been widely used to help reduce gum bleeding and have a weak analgesic, pronounced anti-inflammatory and regenerative effect. These pastes contain several medicinal plants. For example, sage, peppermint, chamomile, echinacea, myrrh and ratania; a complex mixture combining chlorophyll, vitamin E and medicinal plant extracts.
Chewing gum- a means that allows you to improve the hygienic condition of the oral cavity by increasing the amount of saliva and the rate of salivation, which helps cleanse tooth surfaces and neutralize organic acids secreted by plaque bacteria.
Chewing gum exerts its effect on oral tissues in the following ways:
- increases the rate of salivation;
- stimulates the secretion of saliva with increased buffer capacity;
- helps neutralize plaque acids;
- facilitates the rinsing of hard-to-reach areas of the oral cavity with saliva;
- improves the clearance of sucrose from saliva;
- Helps remove food debris.
Included chewing gum include: base (to bind all ingredients), sweeteners (sugar, corn syrup or sugar substitutes), flavorings (for good taste and aroma), softeners (to create the appropriate consistency during chewing).
One of the most important properties chewing gum is its ability to increase salivation three times, compared to a resting state, while saliva also enters hard-to-reach interdental areas.
Currently, chewing gum containing sweeteners, especially xylitol, has a predominant effect, the anti-caries effect of which was first shown by research at the University of Turku, Finland. Xylitol supplied with chewing gum remains in the oral cavity for a long time and has a beneficial effect.
It is worth dwelling on objections to the use of chewing gum that mention stomach diseases and lesions of the temporomandibular joint. If chewing gum is used correctly, such pathology will not occur.
In accordance with the results of numerous studies, the following recommendations for the use of chewing gum can be offered:
- Chewing gum should be used by both children and adults;
- It is better to use chewing gum that does not contain sugar;
- You should use chewing gum, if possible, after every meal and sweets;
- to avoid undesirable consequences, chewing gum should be used no more than 20 minutes after eating;
- It must be remembered that uncontrolled and indiscriminate use of chewing gum many times during the day can be harmful.
Dental elixirs intended for rinsing the mouth. They improve the cleaning of tooth surfaces, prevent the formation of plaque, and deodorize the oral cavity. Biologically active components are usually added to the composition of elixirs. Elixir "Xident" contains sodium fluoride, the drug xidifon, which, being a regulator of calcium levels in the body, prevents the formation of plaque and tartar. It has anticaries, anti-inflammatory and disinfectant effect.
The elixirs “Lesnoy”, “Paradontax”, “Salviathymol”, which contain complexes of herbal additives - herbal infusions of sage, chamomile, myrrh, echinacea, have pronounced anti-inflammatory and deodorizing properties.
Regular use of the "Plax" mouthwash with active ingredients (triclosan, sodium fluoride) before brushing your teeth helps to effectively remove plaque and reduce dental caries.
Elixir "Sensitive", which contains tin fluoride, has an anti-caries effect and helps reduce the increased sensitivity of tooth enamel.
Hygiene Basic preventative discipline. Methods and tasks. History of development. Modern problems.
Goals of the task, the place of the modern system. Maintaining health. Protection and promotion of human health. The main preventive medicine is hygiene. The term comes from the Greek health. Hygiene is the art of maintaining health. Hygiene is the science of health that develops, based on the interaction of the body with the environment, standards and measures to prevent disease and other health disorders and create optimal conditions for human life and well-being. Tasks:
1. Study of environmental factors from the point of view of their impact on health.
2. Study of changes in the health of individuals and groups of people arising under the influence of environmental factors.
3. Study of the interaction between the environment and human health in the weapon system.
4. For predicting changes in human health, SANITARY situation in connection with changes in the natural or anthropogenic situation.
5. Scientific justification of activities, standards, management decisions to eliminate unfavorable factors and create optimally positive conditions.
Hygiene has differentiated. Hygienic propaedeutics, environmental hygiene, occupational hygiene, hygiene of children and adolescents, AVIATION, marine, preventive toxicology. SANITARY MICROBIOLOGY.
Modern hygiene includes a number of disciplines united by a common goal, task, and methods.
Sanitation is the application of hygienic knowledge in practice.
The required level is ensured by state control bodies.
Every person has the right to a healthy environment and compensation for absence. Law on sanitary and epidemiological welfare. By sanitary-epidemiological well-being we mean such a state of health and the environment of people in which there is no dangerous and harmful influence its factors on the human body and there are favorable conditions for its life.
Objects and methods of hygienic research.
3 main objects: health, ENVIRONMENT and interaction between humans and the environment.
Health is a dynamic indicator.
Health
1. General biological level. Methodological level. Characteristic of all living species.
2. Population level.
3. Individual level. Theoretical and practical sublevels.
Health 1 is an interval of state within which quantitative fluctuations of psychophysiological processes are capable of maintaining a living system at the level of a functional optimum.
Health 2 - This is collective health. It is characterized by medical statistical and demographic indicators - mortality, birth rate, natural increase, life expectancy, various types of morbidity, disability, physical development. Indicators help present the overall picture.
Health 3 - Theoretical: 1948 It is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
Actual health is a state of the body in which people are able to fully fulfill their biological and social functions without moving to the Pathological level of self-regulation. The main categories for evaluation are structure, FUNCTION and adaptation.
Environment everything surrounds us and can directly or indirectly affect a person’s life. Include everything that is on earth and in space.
It consists of elements and is divided into 2 large groups: natural and social. Natural: Fur, physical, chemical and bio. Social Labor, Life, Information.
According to the degree of anthropogenic impact.
1. Natural or unaltered.
2. Human-modified environment.
3. Artificial environment. - spaceships, SUBMARINE BOAT.
Interaction between the environment and human health.
A person is affected by many factors in combination.
Hygiene methods. There are 4 specific methods:
1. Hygienic examination.
2. Epidemiological methods
3. Method of hygienic experiment.
4. Sanitary examination method.
1. Sanitary description. When writing the environment.
Instrumental and laboratory examination.
2. (about the causes of the occurrence and spread of the disease) Methods of geographic information systems
Croossection, cohort studies, Case-Control method.
Prospective and retrospective. Single-coin and longitudinal.
3. Natural - in real life conditions, Laboratory - on laboratory animals. Either to study the influence of an actor on health, or to
4. Sanitary examination method. Resolution of a certain range of issues by persons POSSESSING knowledge in a certain area.
Prevention. Types of prevention.
Prevention of unwanted incidents and vice versa of desirable ones. A set of state and public medical measures aimed at preventing diseases, preserving and strengthening people’s health. Primary, SECONDARY and Tertiary. Primary - aimed at eliminating the causes causing changes in health and stimulating factors that contribute to its strengthening. Implemented by this society
Secondary prevention consists of early detection of the disease and carrying out treatment and health measures at early levels. Prevention of relapses and complications.
Individual level and societal level.
Empirical and scientific since the mid-19th century.
Empirical since time immemorial. Manuscripts have hygienic requirements. There are many in other China preventive measures. In India in Ayurveda. Hippocrates wrote about sanitary requirements. IN medieval Europe decline in hygienic knowledge. Salerno Health Code. Avicenna. Post-medieval Paracelsus - diseases of miners. Paraxt.
1844 Levi's first guide. 1854 Parks's Guide to Experimental Hygiene.
Max Pettenkoffer founded the first department of hygiene in 1865.
A.P. Dobroslavlev. Franz F. Erisman, G.V. Khlopin 1.1871 the first department of hygiene in Russia, the founder of the experimental direction in R. 2. Erisman is Swiss. An ophthalmologist while solving problems of myopia in children came to hygienic problems. In 1884 he headed the department of hygiene at Moscow University, the founder of social hygiene. 3. Khlopin is a student of Erisman. For 7 years he headed the department at Yurievsky University (Tatru) in 1903 he headed the department at ZhMI.
Every person who considers himself to be of average intelligence should know the anatomy, physiology and basic characteristics and individual properties of his body, as well as the general rules for maintaining health from the point of view of medical science.
Traditional medicine is a link with the prevention of human health. Why do I say this? Preventing your health, when it becomes a sacred duty of a person, only then can you expect your future life with minimal pain. Nothing else will save a person from a future illness except timely prevention. Coming soon phrase traditional medicine will become archaic, and preventive medicine will take its place. Then the luminaries of society will be engaged in this useful work, and not, as now, more than half of those who consider themselves folk doctors are gluttons.
Prevention
The word prevention in ancient Greek means preventing something bad from happening or eliminating an upcoming risk factor. Prevention is carried out by measures that make up the basics healthy image human life and creation around man best conditions, providing favorable contact with its environment.
Since ancient times, the high minds of the people have been concerned about preserving their existing health and have been engaged in further strengthening the strength of their body. Great importance was attached to maintaining personal hygiene and the best diet dietary nutrition to find the beauty and health of your body. All attempts to create longevity and a painless life were unsuccessful, except for the mythical search for the elixir of life and the philosopher's stone until the 19th century. In the 19th century, the development of general biological, physiological and medical sciences began, with its branches of anatomy, hygiene and epidemiology, and from that moment the wide scope of clinical medicine was revived. Scientists became clear about the prospects for future preventive medicine, and saw in it a happy, long-lived and painless community, where people live as long as they want and die in old age not from illness.
Disease prevention is divided into public prevention and personal. Both are interdependent on each other. Without public health, it is impossible to ensure the health of an individual, and without the health of an individual, a society that includes this person cannot be considered healthy. This general rule. Because if there are no conditions in a team that ensure a healthy lifestyle, all members of this team are not protected from the scourge of a future disease. In an unhealthy team, people will start to get sick one after another. It cannot be that one got sick and the other remained healthy. If not today, in the future, his friends will definitely get sick too. For prevention, it is necessary to identify the cause of the illness of the first sick person as soon as possible in order to prevent illnesses of other members of this society.
Prevention family life is the guarantor of the health of the members of this family. In a family in which all health precautions are observed, not only the members of this family should not get sick, but the health of the family’s pets should also be in excellent condition. From the point of view of preventive medicine, if a cat or dog is sick at home, this indicates the presence of violations of the epidemiological rules of prevention in this family environment.
Hygiene
The word hygiene in ancient Greek means “healthy.” Medicine has accepted hygiene as the basis for ensuring a favorable human life, with all the attributes that come from it in personal life and society. Hygiene is a combination of multiple rules collected by human society over many millennia, the implementation of which contributes to the preservation and strengthening of health. Public and personal hygiene, as well as prevention, are intertwined with one another. And also hygiene is closely related to everyone medical sciences, including biology, physics, chemistry and socio-economic sciences, and most importantly the quality of the state’s care for the health of its people. Depending on the system for ensuring conditions for a healthy lifestyle of people, and compliance with supervision of hygienic standards, the number of diseases and population growth depend. Also from local execution sanitary standards The life expectancy of people is determined by society and its members.
People have been concerned with compliance with hygienic and sanitary standards since ancient times. Elements of sanitary rules can be found in the works of the medieval physician and encyclopedist Abu Ali ibn Sina, as well as other authors before him. There is a known list of sanitary laws in Vedic instructions Ancient India and Zarathushtra. Somehow, Indian doctors and Asian fire worshipers were familiar with the ideas of Imhotep, a priest from the time of the third dynasty of pharaohs. Indians and Asians, in their codes of sanitation laws, repeated many of the hygienic instructions of the Egyptian demigod, half-man, and skilled physician Imhotep. Imhotep was the author of the Edwin Smith papyrus. After Imhotep, thousands of years later, Hippocrates' ideas about sanitation and hygiene appeared, from which Avicenna skillfully used and raised hygienic science to the level of preventive treatment.
When Alexander the Great conquered Egypt, Greek doctors took possession of their papyri and, along with other sciences, the Greeks began to develop medical practice received Egyptian priests. Even in those days, it was believed that the combination of a person’s physical and mental purity ensures his future health and well-being.