- ADAPTATION - adaptation of the body to stress.
- ANAEROBIC EXERCISES - strength training. Anaerobic means a short, intense burst of energy.
- AMPLITUDE OF MOVEMENT is the magnitude of the trajectory of the projectile in relation to the athlete’s body.
- ATHLETE (athlete) is a person with an athletic physique who is involved in (athletics) physical culture.
- ATROPHY is weight loss and destruction of muscle tissue.
- AEROBIC CAPACITY is the level of a person’s overall endurance.
- AEROBIC EXERCISE – moderate and long-term exercise.
- RUNNING is the rapid movement of a person over certain distances with or without a certain time.
- THIGH (hip) is the part of the leg from the pelvis to the knee joint.
- PROTEIN (protein) are complex (nitrogen-containing substances) that contain amino acids. This is the main “building material” for the tissues and organs of the human body.
- VIS is the position of the athlete’s body on the apparatus, where the shoulders should be below the “grip point”.
- VITAMIN (vitamin) is a whole group of (low molecular weight) substances that are needed for biochemical reactions.
- ENDURANCE is the ability to withstand loads for a long period of time. Characters of loads: general, speed and power.
- GAINER is a supplement that contains a large amount of carbohydrates, with a small amount of protein (and possibly vitamins).
- FLEXIBILITY is the ability of an athlete’s joints to perform certain movements, the amplitude of which is maximum. It can be: passive and active.
- HYPERSTHENIC (hypersthenic) is a person who has a powerful skeleton and, as a rule, loose muscles.
- HYPERTROPHY is the growth of muscle cells in volume due to external influences on them.
- MOTOR SKILLS are an automated way of controlling movements.
- MOTOR SKILLS – this is the control of movements (non-automated).
- DESYNCHROSIS is a disruption of human biorhythm, leading to deterioration in performance and other negative consequences for the body.
- DELTA - a small muscle (shoulders) that is divided into three bundles (back, front and middle).
- DOPING (dope) is a prohibited artificial pharmacological substance used to stimulate physical activity.
- FATS (fats) are lipids, a group of oils and various fatty substances.
- HARDENING is a system for training the body’s thermoregulation mechanism, aimed at making the human body more resistant to overheating and hypothermia.
- COOL DOWN is a term used to smoothly transition into a calm state of the body, to reduce the heart rate and further stretch the muscles or return them to their original length, depending on the type of training. Those. The cool-down should slow your heart rate. Always done at the end of a workout.
- HEALTH (health) - the state of a healthy body with full performance of its functions and the absence of any diseases.
- HEALTHY LIFESTYLE is a whole set of actions (measures) aimed at improving and maintaining health. Thanks to proper nutrition, stress and morale.
- CARDIO training (cardio) is a workout to strengthen (aerobic exercise) the cardiovascular system.
- COORDINATION (coordination) – (mutual ordering) the process of harmonious work of the activity of the muscles of the body.
- Agility is a physical quality, the ability to quickly coordinate movements.
- MYOSITIS is a process of muscle inflammation.
- REVERSE GRIP (underhand) is when the palms are facing you.
- MUSCULOSKETAL SYSTEM (Musculoskeletal system) - these are the structures that form the frame, which gives shape and support to the body, for the protection and movement of organs.
- POSTURE is the usual position of the musculoskeletal frame.
- REPETITION (repetition) - repeated execution of an exercise movement (in one set).
- APPROACH- a continuous series of repetitions.
- LIFT (exit) - transition of the body position from hanging (below the grip point) to the position of the body in support.
- PECTORAL MUSCLES - This is the area of the pectoral muscles.
- FOREARM (forearm) - part of the arm from the elbow joint.
- PRESS is the abbreviated name for the abdominal muscles.
- Squatting is a movement of the body from straight to bent legs.
- EQUILIBRIUM (balance) – a stable position of the body in space.
- EXTENSION is a leading movement in a joint due to muscles, increasing the angle between the limbs.
- RATIONAL NUTRITION is a competent ratio of the use of products in terms of calorie and energy content and nutrient content.
- DAY MODE (mode of the day) is the distribution of certain actions for the whole day.
- HEIGHT AND WEIGHT INDICATORS are the ratio between the length of the body and its weight.
- SELF-EDUCATION (self-education) is educational work on oneself.
- SELF CONTROL is the process of controlling a person’s actions and emotions.
- STRENGTH (power) is the ability, through muscles, to overcome resistance and opposition through effort.
- SPECIALIZATION is the mastery of elements of a sports discipline.
- SPORT is exercises that lead to strengthening the body, as well as a competitive system.
- SPORTS CLASSIFICATION (sports classification) – a single setting for all sports.
- SPORTS MAGNESIUM (magnesia) is a powder that serves to strengthen the grip (causes a drying effect).
- STRETCHING is a whole system of exercises that lead to stretching of the muscles and joints of your body and its flexibility.
- TESTOSTERONE (testosterone) is the main male sex hormone.
- TRAUMA (injury) is an external impact on the tissues of the body, damaging them.
- TRAINING is a model active learning aimed at physical development.
- CARBOHYDRATES are natural organic compounds and the main source of energy for an athlete.
- STAND is a body position in which the athlete’s shoulders are above the fulcrum.
- STREET (YARD) GYMNASTICS is a type of gymnastics usually practiced by non-professional athletes for general flexibility, agility, joint flexibility and the development or maintenance of muscle tone.
- Fatigue – accompanied by a feeling of fatigue as a result of prolonged activity (mental or physical).
- PHYSICAL QUALITIES (physical qualities) are a set of qualities such as: (flexibility, strength, endurance, speed, coordination).
- PHYSICAL LOAD (exercise stress) is the extent of the impact of physical training on the athlete’s body.
- PHYSICAL EXERCISES are mechanical actions that are aimed at realizing the physical qualities of a person.
- GRIP is a technique for holding a projectile while performing exercises.
- SPLIT (twin) is an exercise in which the legs are placed in opposite directions and are on the same line.
- Shrugs – an exercise for “pumping up” the trapezius (shrugs).
- CORE (core) - a projectile for throwing in athletics (light).
- Z GRIF is a specially curved bar for training arm muscles.
a branch of psychology that studies the patterns of manifestation and development of the psyche, as well as group interactions in conditions of sports competitive and training activities. Like many other areas of psychology, it began to develop intensively in the 60-70s. XX century, and at first the main studies focused on studying the differences between individual athletes (-> differential psychology), abilities and capabilities to act in stressful conditions of competition (-> stress), and ways to increase the effectiveness of training.
Later, the range of issues being developed expanded significantly. For each sport, taking into account the achievements of general, pedagogical, developmental and social psychology, programs of special training complexes are developed aimed at increasing the physical and mental fitness of athletes, their emotional-volitional, ethical, ethical and collectivist preparedness.
In domestic sports psychology, the patterns of effective formation of motor skills and abilities, methods of achieving high levels of strength, endurance, agility and coordination of movements, based on the concept of levels of movement construction, have been studied in sufficient detail. The ways and means of forming specialized perceptions of athletes are studied - a sense of time, a sense of distance, changes in the speed of an object, anticipation of instantaneous developments of events (-> anticipation; intuition), “sense of the ball”, “sense of water”, etc. Attention is paid to the development of methods for improving observation skills , imagination, strategic and tactical thinking, coordinated interaction in group games, etc. Research is deepening both in the field of studying the abilities of athletes and their special psychological selection at different age stages, and in the field of education and formation of these abilities during training activities.
A special problem is posed by such areas of sports psychology as mental self-regulation, managing one’s state in the pre-start period, during competitions and after leaving a competitive situation. These issues, as well as the attitude of athletes towards their victories and defeats, are receiving more and more attention in recent studies.
The main tasks of sports psychology are as follows:
1) increasing the effectiveness of an athlete’s training by developing motor skills and abilities, creating psychological conditions for achieving high levels of strength, endurance, and dexterity of movements;
2) development of specialized types of perception (sense of time, distance);
3) preparation for competitions;
4) voluntary mental regulation;
5) formation of the athlete’s personality in collective activities in teams, when communicating with the coach. Task modern psychology sport is not only about promoting the achievement of high sports results, but also in the comprehensive development of the athlete’s personality, in improving his general and psychological culture.
A separate area includes socio-psychological research that considers:
1) problems of team formation;
2) interpersonal relationships in them;
3) techniques and methods for increasing cohesion and value-orientation unity;
4) issues of relationships with the coach or coaching team;
5) issues of relationships with fans, including “fans”;
6) problems of inter-team relationships (-> intergroup relations), etc.
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Psychology of sports
Sports psychology is a field of psychological science that studies the patterns of manifestation and formation of psychological mechanisms in sports activities. The main objectives of sports psychology are the following: 1. Increasing the effectiveness of an athlete’s training by developing motor skills and abilities, creating psychological conditions for achieving high levels of strength, endurance, dexterity of movements, developing specialized types of perception (sense of time, distance); 2. Preparation for competitions; 3. Voluntary mental regulation; 4. Formation of the athlete’s personality in collective activities in teams, when communicating with the coach.
List of random tags:
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Homophobia - Homophobia is an unreflected, irrational hostility towards homosexuals, often caused by fear of one's own sexual fantasies and impulses.
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Value - VALUE - the significance for people of certain material, spiritual or natural objects and phenomena. Subjective reflection in the consciousness of the values of the surrounding reality is necessary for the formation of value orientations of the individual. The specificity of awareness of objects and phenomena of reality as values also presupposes the presence of special psychological mechanisms for their development. Thus, as a subject of psychological research in this case, such a type of mental activity as the evaluative activity of an individual comes to the fore, aimed not only at the perception and mastery of the objectively meaningful side of an object, phenomena, but also at assessing their properties from the point of view of necessity and usefulness , pleasantness, etc. As a result, the individual becomes aware of the value of an object, a phenomenon of the surrounding world, and thereby forms a special type of attitude towards it - a value attitude.
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Holotropic therapy - Holotropic therapy (from the Greek holos - whole and tropos - direction, turn) is a psychotherapeutic technique developed by S. and K. Grof, based on the results of psychedelic research, in which certain levels of the human psyche were identified. These levels included sensory experience, which is formed by strong experiences that do not have personal significance; psychodynamic, or biographical, experience, represented by personally significant events; perinatal, or prebiographical, experience, the content of which corresponds to the experiences of dying, death and rebirth; and, finally, transpersonal, or superbiographical experience, which is associated with the expansion of consciousness and the experience of phylogenetic experience. The holotropic therapy procedure, aimed at activating the unconscious content of the psyche, involves the use of intense breathing, listening to specially selected music and working with one’s own body.
Glossary of sports psychology terms
ABASIA (from the Greek a - negative particle + basis - walking) - impaired ability to walk while maintaining other leg movements; occurs more often in hysteria.
ABSOLUTE SCALE (eng. absolute scale) - a version of the scale designed to measure continuous properties of an object, for which all 4 types of relations are satisfied.
ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD (eng. absolute threshold) - a type of sensory threshold.
ABULIA (from the Greek abulia - indecision) is a psychopathological syndrome characterized by lethargy, lack of initiative and motivation to activity.
AVERSIVE THERAPY (from the Latin aversatio - disgust) is the general name of a group of therapeutic methods based on the use of unpleasant (aversive) stimuli.
AUTOIDENTIFICATION, AUTOIDENTIFICATION (eng. Self-identification) - self-determination, identification (identification) of oneself with another or others (group).
MOVEMENT AUTOMATION (eng. Movement automatization) is one of the ways of forming an operator response, characteristic of the last stage of training.
AUTOMATISM (eng. automatism) - background coordination in the lower levels of movement construction, created and activated by the upper level.
ADAPTABILITY (non-adaptive) - tendencies in the functioning of a goal-oriented system, determined by the compliance or inconsistency of its goals and the results achieved in the course of activity.
PSYCHOLOGICAL ACTIVATION - continuation of physiological activation. Associated with decoding external signals, depending on the level of wakefulness and state of consciousness, as well as on the needs, tastes, interests and plans of a person.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVATION - associated with the function of the centers located at the base of the brain. These centers contain the mechanisms of awakening; It is at this level that signals coming from the external world and from the organism itself are collected and classified before they - if they are of sufficient importance - are sent to the cerebral cortex. The resulting activation of higher centers allows the body to remain awake and closely monitor signals from the environment, which ensures that it maintains physiological and mental balance.
MENTAL ACTIVITY: BIORHYTHM (biorhythms of human mental activity) - periodic alternation of states of tension and relaxation in human mental activity.
ALEXITHYMIA - the patient’s inability to name emotions experienced by himself or other people, i.e. translate them into verbal terms.
ASKEZA is an ancient concept meaning the preparation of athletes for sports competitions. Later it received an expanded interpretation and began to mean the fight against vices and the desire for a virtuous life. Thus, for the Pythagoreans, asceticism was a set of rules necessary to achieve truth.
VALIDITY is one of the most important characteristics psychodiagnostic techniques and tests, one of the main criteria for their quality. This concept is close to the concept of reliability, but not entirely identical.
VEGETOTHERAPY is a type of body-oriented therapy founded by W. Reich. According to his ideas, any restraint of energy leads to the formation of “muscular shells”; Since the soul and body are one, “opening up” these shells can help the client release restrained, stagnant energy and thereby alleviate mental suffering. The main techniques of vegetative therapy are associated with massage and breathing, as well as with motor and voice exercises of various types.
VERBAL - in psychology - a term to designate the forms of sign material, as well as the processes of operating with this material.
VERIFICATION - during verification scientific concepts- evidence or other convincing demonstration that the phenomena included in the scope and content this concept, really exist and correspond to the definition of the concept. This also presupposes the existence of a methodology for experimental verification of the phenomenon described by the concept. The test is carried out through an appropriate psychodiagnostic procedure.
INTERACTION OF ANALYZERS is one of the manifestations of the unity of the sensory sphere. Changes in the functional state of one analyzer as a result of stimulation of another have been especially fully studied. The identified patterns of disturbance in the interaction of analyzers are used in the diagnosis of diseases.
GROUP INTERACTION - the process of direct or indirect influence of multiple objects (subjects) on each other, generating their mutual conditionality and connection; occurs both between parts of groups and between entire groups. Acts as an integrating factor that promotes the formation of structures.
FUNCTIONAL-ROLE INFLUENCE - the type of influence, the nature, intensity and direction of which are determined not by the personal characteristics of the interaction partners, but by their role positions. In contrast to the individual-specific influence, it occurs due to the transmission of patterns of activity regulated by the role balance of power, and due to the demonstration of a certain set of methods of action that do not go beyond the limits of role prescriptions.
ATTENTION is the concentration of the subject’s activity at a given moment in time on a certain real or ideal object - an object, event, image, reasoning, etc. Attention is also characterized by the consistency of various links in the functional structure of an action, which determines the success of its implementation (for example, the speed and accuracy of solving a problem). Attention occupies a special place among mental phenomena.
Suggestibility - increased compliance with impulses.
POST-HYPNOTIC SUGGESTION (post-hypnotic suggestion) is a behavioral phenomenon when a task given in a hypnotic state is then unquestioningly performed in a normal state, and the very fact of the task is not realized.
EXCITABILITY - the property of living beings to come into a state of excitement under the influence of irritants or stimuli - with the preservation of its traces for some time.
WILL is a person’s ability to achieve his goals.
REPLACEMENT is a form of psychological defense.
IDENTIFICATION is a form of psychological defense.
ISOLATION IN PERSONAL PSYCHOLOGY is a form of psychological defense.
IMPULSIVITY is a character trait expressed in the tendency to act without thinking.
INDIVIDUALITY (from the Latin indiduum - indivisible, individual) is a concept that denotes the individual pace and rhythm of mental processes, the degree of stability of feelings.
INSIGHT is a moment of insight, grasping certain relationships and the structure of the situation as a whole, which cannot be derived from the past experience of the subject.
INTELLECTUALIZATION is a form of psychological defense, manifested in abstraction from traumatic experiences.
INTERNALIZATION is a form of psychological defense in which insurmountable obstacles are rejected as “undesirable.”
INTROJECTION - the opposite of projection, the replacement of external objects with their internal images playing important role in the formation of the “super-ego”, conscience, etc.
INTROSPECTION is a method of psychological analysis, observation of one’s own mental processes without the use of any tools or standards.
INTUITION - informal knowledge based on experience.
HYSTERIA is a pathocharacterological disorder associated with an excessive tendency to suggestion and self-hypnosis, as well as weakness of conscious control over behavior.
CATHARISSIS (abreaction) - an emotional response to previously suppressed painful experiences.
CATEXIS - the direction of mental energy (libido) towards an object and fixation on it. The object can be a real object, an idea, a form of behavior
COMPLEX - a set of ideas (conscious and unconscious) that influence human behavior. (Oedipus complex, etc.).
INFERIORITY COMPLEX is a theoretical concept in individual psychology.
CONVERSION is a form of psychological defense, manifested in the somatization of psychopathological manifestations.
COUNTER-TRANSFERRENCE - “transferring” the doctor’s relationship to the patient during therapy (and vice versa).
LIBIDO is a set of “life-affirming” instincts (in the narrow sense of the word, sexual desire).
MASOCHISM is a phenomenon that embraces wide range ways of obtaining pleasure from suffering: normal or pathological, physical or moral.
MELANCHOLIC - temperament in the Hippocratic classification.
OBSESSION - states when thoughts, memories, fears, desires, actions, feelings are uncontrollably and irresistibly reproduced, leading to disruption of activity.
NEUROSIS is a psychogenic affect or symptom of a personality disorder, which is a symbolic manifestation of a conflict rooted in the child’s psyche of the subject and representing a compromise between desire and protection from it.
OBJECT - an object used to relieve emotional stress in the process of psychotherapy.
RESPONSE - adequate awareness of a previously “repressed” psychotraumatic situation in order to relieve emotional stress. In a psychoanalytic situation, safe conditions are created for this.
DENIAL is a form of psychological defense consisting of a complete or partial refusal to recognize a traumatic situation; unconscious ignorance of events in the external and internal world.
TRANSFER/TRANSFER is an empirical phenomenon recorded in psychoanalysis. The patient's transference to the therapist of feelings that he experienced in early childhood in relation to significant others, for example, parents
PERCEPTIONAL DEFENSE is a form of psychological defense that manifests itself in the unconscious “difficulty” of perceiving traumatic information.
SUBCONSCIOUS is a term that combines the preconscious (facts that can be realized) and the unconscious.
GENDER IDENTITY - an individual’s awareness of his gender.
REPRESENTATION is a form of “mental image” (conscious or subconscious).
ATTACHMENT is a complex of positive feelings that excludes sexuality.
PROJECTION is a form of psychological defense, the unconscious endowment of another with one’s own traits and properties.
Projection (from Latin projectio - throwing forward) is a psychological mechanism.
PSYCHOANALYSIS - founded by S. Freud in late XIX in the beginning as a method of studying and treating hysterical neuroses; later developed into a theory that focuses on the driving forces of mental life, motives, drives, and meanings. The structural diagram of the psyche is defined as 3-level: conscious, subconscious, unconscious. The study and awareness of the relationships between levels in the process of psychoanalytic therapy leads to the elimination of painful symptoms.
PSYCHODYNAMICS is one of the psychoanalytic theories that describe human behavior and motivation.
PSYCHOSIS - general mental disorder, characterized by personality disintegration and an inability to relate to others.
PSYCHOLOGICAL DEFENSE is a system of mechanisms aimed at minimizing negative experiences associated with conflicts that threaten the integrity of the individual. Such conflicts can be provoked as contradictory
both attitudes in the individual himself and the mismatch between external information and the image of the world and the image of the Self formed in the individual.
PSYCHOLOGY is the science of the patterns, mechanisms and facts of the mental life of humans and animals.
RATIONALIZATION is a form of psychological defense, manifested by the desire for a “reasonable” explanation of one’s own incorrect or unconscious actions.
RATIONALIZATION is a form of psychological defense.
REVERSION - “reversal” of an instinct to the opposite sign.
REGRESSION - “return” to a more infantile response.
REPRESSION is a form of psychological defense, suppression, expulsion from memory of unpleasant, causing pain and the displeasure of memories, images, thoughts.
REFLECTION - analysis of one’s own mental state; the principle of human thinking, directing it to comprehend and realize its own forms and prerequisites.
RIGIDITY - unpreparedness to change the program of action in accordance with new situational requirements.
Rigidity (from Latin rigidus - hard, hard) - unpreparedness for change.
SADISM - sexual gratification by causing suffering or humiliation to a sexual partner.
SELF-AFFIRMATION is the individual’s desire to achieve and maintain a certain self-affirmation.
SANGUINE - temperament in the Hippocratic classification.
CONDENSATION is one of the unconscious mental processes that determines the occurrence of sleep.
SYMBOLIZATION is one of the unconscious mental processes that determine “dream distortion.”
SOCIALIZATION is the process of appropriation by a person of socially developed experience, primarily of a system social roles. This process is carried out in the family, preschool institutions, schools, labor and other groups.
SUBLIMATION is a form of psychological defense in which instinctive drives, unacceptable to consciousness, are directed towards socially and personally acceptable goals.
TRANSFER / TRANSFER is an empirical phenomenon recorded in psychoanalysis. The patient transfers to the therapist feelings that he experienced in early childhood in relation to significant others, such as parents. There are positive and negative.
ALARM - negative emotional experiences, caused by the expectation of something dangerous, unrelated to specific events.
ANXIETY - personality trait, manifested in mild and frequent occurrence of anxiety states.
SATISFACTION is a thought (action) that relieves emotional stress. PHLEGMATIC - temperament in the Hippocratic classification. PHOBIAS are obsessively occurring states of fear.
FRUSTRATION is a negative mental state caused by the inability to satisfy certain needs.
CHOLERICA - temperament in the Hippocrates classification.
FEELINGS are a person’s emotional experiences, which reflect the individual’s stable attitude towards certain objects or processes in the surrounding world.
EGO (Id) is a concept that characterizes “reasonable” (“instinctive”) activity.
EXTERNALIZATION is a form of psychological defense (opposite to internalization), in which insurmountable obstacles are recognized as “forced”, caused by external factors (according to K. Horney).
EMPATHY is a person’s ability to simultaneously experience the emotions that arise in another person in the process of communicating with him.
Adaptation(latadaptatio-adaptation) - the process of adapting the body to changing environmental conditions; as an international term means the adaptation of the body to general natural, industrial and social conditions.
Acclimatization- the process of adaptation of the body to new climatic and geographical conditions. Physiological acclimatization consists of the body developing adaptive reactions aimed at maintaining its normal functioning.
Activity- this is the measure or magnitude of a person’s activity, the degree of his involvement in work. Activity in didactic terms acts as a prerequisite, condition and result of the conscious assimilation of knowledge, skills and abilities.
Anthropometric indicators- degree of severity of anthropometric signs: samatometric - body length and weight, diameters, circumferences ( chest etc.); physiometric indicators - vital capacity lungs, manual and deadlift dynamometry, etc.; somatoscopic - condition of the musculoskeletal system (shape of the chest, spine, legs, back, muscle development), degree of fat deposits, etc.
Anthropometric profile - graphic image indicators assessment results physical development according to standards.
Aspect- the angle of view from which the object (subject) of research is viewed.
Rapidity- a person's ability to perform large number movements with maximum speed - characterized by an increase in the mobility of nervous processes that quickly follow each other, allowing a rapid change in muscle contractions and relaxations, directing and coordinating movements and reducing the latent (hidden) period of the motor reaction.
Recovery- a process that occurs in the body after cessation of work and consists of a gradual transition of physiological, biochemical and mental functions to a pre-working state.
Medical supervision- a comprehensive medical examination aimed at improving health, increasing functionality, and achieving high sports results.
Endurance- the ability to perform any activity for a long time without reducing its effectiveness - is characterized by the human body’s resistance to fatigue.
Flexibility- This is a person’s ability to perform movements with greater amplitude. There are dynamic, static, active and passive flexibility.
Physical inactivity(Greek - decrease plus related to strength) - reduced mobility due to a decrease in the strength of movement.
Hypokinesia(Greek - decrease plus movement) - a forced decrease in the range of movements due to low mobility. Causes a number of painful phenomena.
Hypoxia and hyperoxia(Greek hypo - prefix meaning: 1) under, below; 2) decrease, decrease, insufficiency + lat. oxygenium - oxygen) and hyperoxia (Greek huper - prefix meaning: 1) above, over, above; 2) excessive increase, increase in something + lat. oxygenium - oxygen) - respectively, insufficient and increased oxygen content in the habitat, blood and tissues of the body. Both phenomena significantly determine the reactions of the functional systems of the body that provide oxygen exchange.
Hypothesis- a scientific assumption put forward to explain any phenomena; preliminary judgment about the natural (causal) relationship of phenomena, requiring verification and evidence; form of science development.
Gradation of intensity of physical activity. Depending on the best individual results students can determine and use in classes the level of gradation of intensity of physical activity and endurance (low, medium, large, extreme) as a percentage in relation to the time and speed achieved when setting a personal record at a given distance.
Homeostasis(homestasis, Greek homois - similar, similar + stasis - standing, immobility) - the relative dynamic constancy of the internal environment and some physiological functions of the body, is ensured by a complex system of coordinated adaptive mechanisms aimed at eliminating or limiting the impact of external and internal environmental factors body.
Motor activity- a concept related to the reproduction of the total number of movements. In relation to a person, this concept is determined by the characteristics of work, life and rest. An increase or decrease in the level of motor activity is associated with the body’s natural need for an optimal motor mode. Excessive muscular work (hyperdynamic, hyperkinesia) leads to fatigue, overstrain and overtraining; insufficient (hypodynamia, hypokinesia) - to various types of physical detraining.
Motor skill- mastery of action technique, which is characterized by increased concentration of attention on individual component operations and unstable methods of solving a motor task.
Motor skill- such a degree of mastery of action techniques in which movement control is automated and actions are highly reliable.
Diagnosis of health conditions- a brief conclusion about the health status of the student based on the results of medical control after medical examination.
Thesis- independent writing qualifying work students in their major discipline.
Report- a form of a pre-prepared answer on a given topic.
DYUKFP- children's and youth physical training club.
Youth and Youth Sports School- children's and youth sports school.
Hardening- increasing the body’s resistance to adverse factors environment through systematic dosed physical activity, as well as exposure to the sun, air, and water.
Health- the normal psychosomatic state of a person, reflecting his complete physical, mental and social well-being and ensuring the full performance of labor, social and biological functions.
Healthy lifestyle- a typical set of forms and methods of everyday life of the cultural life of an individual, based on cultural norms, values, meanings of activity and strengthening the adaptive capabilities of the body.
Healthy style- a certain type of behavior of an individual or a group of people’s life, fixing steadily reproducible traits, manners, habits, and inclinations of cultural life in specific social conditions.
Physical activity zones- this is a load mode limited in the execution of an exercise by some indicators: physiological (pulse, respiratory rate, oxygen consumption, accumulation of lactate in the blood, etc.) or pedagogical (speed, pace, effort, etc.).
Study- the process and result of scientific activity aimed at obtaining new, socially significant knowledge.
Coursework- compulsory written qualifying research of students, carried out according to the discipline established by the curriculum and involving independent search, processing and presentation of scientific information of a theoretical nature.
Dexterity- coordination complexity of the learned movement, accuracy of performing spatial, temporal, strength, rhythmic characteristics, changes in motor activity in accordance with the changed situation.
Maximum oxygen consumption(MOC)) - an indicator of the muscular activity of the body in aerobic (oxygen) conditions, i.e. the maximum amount of oxygen that can be delivered to tissues in 1 minute when working at such an intensity when the minute oxygen demand does not exceed the level of the oxygen ceiling, i.e. functional capabilities of the body in conditions of sufficient oxygen supply. Significantly different between trained and untrained individuals.
Metabolism(metabolismus; Greek metabole - change, transformation) - metabolism in the body, the set of processes of anabolism (anabolismus; Greek anabole - rise) - the creation and transformation of living matter, and catabolism (Greek catabole - throwing down) - processes of tissue breakdown , cellular structures and complex compounds for energetic and plastic support of life processes. In a narrower sense, metabolism is the intermediate transformations of certain substances (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, etc.) inside cells from the moment of their entry to formation final products metabolism.
Research method- a method of scientific knowledge of reality; a way of applying old knowledge to obtain new knowledge. It is a tool for obtaining scientific facts.
Methodological principles of physical education- these are the principles that express the methodological laws of the pedagogical process and, because of this, are mandatory in the implementation of educational and educational tasks: the principles of consciousness and activity, visibility, accessibility and individualization, systematicity and gradual increase in requirements.
Methods of physical education- these are ways of working, a teacher, with the help of which mastery of knowledge, skills and abilities is achieved, the necessary qualities are developed, and a worldview is formed. For practical purposes, all methods are conventionally divided into three groups: verbal, visual and practical.
Motivation for choice- personal reason (justification) for each student’s choice of physical exercise systems for regular exercise.
Nomogram- a graph of geometric quantities used in various calculations.
General physical training (GPP)- the process of improving physical qualities (strength, endurance, speed, flexibility, agility), aimed at the comprehensive physical development of a person.
Object of study- a process or phenomenon that gives rise to a problem situation and is chosen for study.
Ontogenesis- individual development of the body, covering all changes from birth to the end of life. Considered in unity with phylogenesis.
Organism- biological system any living creature. The human body is a highly organized biological system that has the entire set of basic life properties, but is also characterized by the ability to self-organize, self-learn, perceive, transmit and store information; improving mechanisms for controlling biological processes through social factors.
Pedagogical control- the process of obtaining information about physical condition engaged in physical education and sports in order to increase the effectiveness of the educational and training process.
Overwork- accumulation (cumulation) of fatigue as a result of an incorrect work and rest regime, which does not provide the necessary restoration of strength and manifests itself in a decrease in working capacity and productivity, the appearance of irritability, headaches, sleep disturbance, etc. There are incipient, mild, severe and severe overfatigue.
Operational planning provides for the achievement of specified characteristics of motor actions, reactions of the functional systems of the body when performing individual training tasks in competitive starts, duels, fights, etc.
Subject of research- everything that is within the boundaries of the object of study in a certain aspect of consideration.
Applied knowledge- acquired in the process of regular physical education, can be used in professional activity.
Applied sports- those types (or their elements) that develop, form professional applied knowledge, psychophysical and special qualities, abilities and skills.
Applied mental qualities- those personality qualities that contribute to the effective performance of professional types of work. They can be formed and educated in the process of regular physical education and sports.
Applied physical qualities- these are those qualities (strength, endurance, speed, flexibility) that are of greatest importance for the high-quality and effective performance of specific professional activities.
Applied skills necessary in specific professional activities, can be formed in the process of practicing certain sports.
Principle- the basic, initial position of any theory, doctrine, science.
Professional applied physical training- specially targeted and selective use of funds physical culture and sports to prepare a person for a specific professional activity (the generally accepted abbreviation is PPFP).
Professional orientation of physical education- a set of means, forms, methods and techniques of educational activities at a university, ensuring the formation of the personality of future specialists.
Psychophysical preparation- the process of forming the physical and mental qualities of a person to achieve specific life and professional goals.
Performance- a person’s potential ability to perform expedient, motivated activities at a given level of efficiency for a certain time. Depends on the external conditions of activity and the psychophysiological reserves of a person. Can be considered as maximum, optimal, reduced.
Resistance(latresistentia - resistance, counteraction) - the body's resistance to the effects of various damaging environmental factors, implemented on the basis of the general biological principle of homeostasis.
Recreation- rest necessary to recuperate after work.
Relaxation- a state of rest, relaxation, resulting from the release of tension after strong experiences, physical exertion, etc. It may not be voluntary (for example, when going to bed) and voluntary, caused by adopting a calm posture, imagining a state that usually accompanies rest, muscle relaxation, involved in various types of activities.
Reflex(lat. reflexus - turned back, reflected) - the body’s response to receptor irritation, carried out through the central nervous system. Reflexes are divided into unconditioned (congenital) and conditioned (acquired in the process of life), carried out with the help of a reflex arc and the formation of so-called temporary connections of the mechanism, the interaction of various cortical and subcortical areas of the central nervous system.
Self-control- regular observations of those involved in physical education and sports about the state of their health, physical development and physical fitness using simple, publicly available techniques. fatigue
Self-esteem- a person’s assessment of himself, his capabilities and place among other people, which is an important regulator of his behavior.
Self-regulation- expedient functioning of a person’s activity in the unity of its energetic, dynamic and content-semantic components.
Well-being- a feeling of physiological and psychological comfort of the internal state.
SDYUSSHOR- specialized children's and youth school of Olympic reserve.
Strength- a person’s ability to overcome external resistance or counteract it through muscle tension.
System- a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other, forming a certain integrity, unity.
Sport- an integral part of physical education, a means and method of physical education, based on the use of competitive activity and preparation for it, during which a person’s potential capabilities are compared and assessed.
Special application qualities- a person’s ability to withstand specific environmental influences (low and high temperatures, motion sickness, insufficient partial pressure oxygen in the mountains, etc.).
Socio-biological foundations of physical culture- a related concept about the principles of interaction between social (social) and biological (related to functional features organism) in the process of mastering the values of physical culture.
Socio-ecological factors- the concept of the complex impact of living and inanimate nature on the human body in specific conditions of the environment, habitat, production activities and social relations.
Modern systems of physical exercises- a set of specially selected physical exercises, regular exercises of which can comprehensively or specifically promote health promotion, increase the functionality of individual body systems, change mental state, and mastery of certain vital skills.
Sports strategy- a set of general patterns of training an athlete and conducting competitive struggle. The strategic plan takes into account various options for building training, competitive struggle, as well as forms, means and methods of achieving results. May refer to both a competition system and a separate competition or tournament
Stretching- stretching, includes a set of poses that help increase the elasticity of various muscle groups. To perform stretching exercises correctly, you should adhere to the following requirements: before performing the exercise, you need to know which specific muscle group it helps to stretch; when performing exercises, you should not try to copy the movement of a more flexible comrade, all movements must be within certain limits, the individual range of mobility of the joints, first you should use “light stretching” when the joint is in an extremely extended, bent, abducted or adducted position, do not sway, stretch the ligaments and muscles only due to static pressure, being stationary; while performing the exercises, breathe calmly and rhythmically; when acute pain stop doing exercises. This type of gymnastics is widely used as an aid in various types sports
Structure of the student's preparedness- individual aspects of an athlete’s preparedness that determine the level of sports achievements, namely: physical, technical, tactical and mental preparedness.
Super compensation is a phenomenon of excess baseline in the process of recovery from a decrease caused by physical work.
Sports tactics- a set of techniques and means used to achieve a specific goal set in competitions and based on calculation real possibilities the athlete and his opponents.
Test- a non-specific exercise, the implementation of which is closely related to the main exercise or motor quality.
Sports equipment- a system of movements, actions and techniques of an athlete, most appropriately adapted to solve the main sports task with the least expenditure of strength and energy in accordance with his individual characteristics.
Work ability- a person’s ability to work, not limited by diseases or physical disabilities.
Tourism- 1. Travel varied in form, content and duration, made during free time from the main activity. One of the types of active recreation. 2. A sport whose purpose is participation in hikes with 4 categories of difficulty depending on the duration of the hike in days or kilometers. There are walking, skiing, mountain, water, horse, bicycle, motorcycle, automobile, and caving tourism. The most popular is hiking tourism. During the hike, under the influence of active muscle work and natural factors, the activity of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, the intensity of metabolic processes increases, in addition, an abundance of impressions and positive emotions have a beneficial effect on the nervous system.
Fatigue- a complex of subjective experiences accompanying the development of a state of fatigue and characterized by feelings of weakness, lethargy, sensations of physiological discomfort, disturbances in the course of mental processes (memory, attention, thinking, etc.).
Fatigue- temporary, objective decrease in performance under the influence of prolonged exposure to load, accompanied by loss of interest in work, predominance of motivation to stop working and negative emotional and physiological reactions. There are physical and mental, acute and chronic, neuro-emotional fatigue.
Physiological and functional system of the body- the physiological system is understood as a hereditarily fixed, regulated system of organs and tissues (blood circulation, respiration, digestion, etc.), which function in the body not in isolation, but in interaction with each other. The functional system of the body is formed in the process of its life on a hereditary and acquired basis, taking into account integral neurohumoral regulatory mechanisms and forms the interconnection of organs, tissues, physiological systems, ultimately ensuring the achievement of a goal in a certain type of activity.
Physical culture- part of the general culture of society. Reflects methods of physical activity, results, conditions necessary for
cultivation aimed at mastering, developing and managing a person’s physical and mental abilities, strengthening his health, and increasing his performance.
Physical culture of the individual- characterizes a high-quality, systematic and dynamic new formation that determines its education, physical fitness and perfection, reflected in the types and forms of active physical education and sports activities, and a healthy lifestyle.
Physical fitness- process and result physical activity, ensuring the formation of motor skills, the development of physical qualities, and increasing the level of performance.
Physical (motor) qualities- these are certain aspects of a person’s motor abilities - strength, endurance, speed (speed capabilities), flexibility, dexterity (coordination capabilities).
Physical education- a pedagogical process aimed at developing the physical culture of an individual as a result of pedagogical influences and self-education.
Physical Education- introducing a person to physical culture, during which the individual masters a system of values, knowledge, and creatively develops physical abilities, ideological, mental, aesthetic and behavioral qualities.
Physical development- a natural biological process of formation and change in the morphological and functional properties of the body during individual life, which is improved under the influence of physical education.
Physical perfection- the process of physical education and upbringing, expressing a high degree of development of individual physical abilities.
Forms of independent study- system of organizing classes physical exercise, due to their specific content.
Functional readiness- the result of successful physical training, reflecting the level of functioning of the musculoskeletal, respiratory, cardiovascular, nervous and other body systems.
Functional test- dosed load, allowing you to evaluate functional state body.
Functional status- an integral set of characteristics of those qualities and properties of the organism that directly or indirectly determine human activity; a systemic response of the body that ensures adequacy to the requirements of its activity or inadequacy (when the body works at an excessively high level of functional tension).
Physical culture values- significant phenomena, objects, processes and results of activity in the field of physical culture, orientation towards which stimulates behavior and the manifestation of physical culture and sports activity.
Experiment- a type of experiment that is purposefully exploratory in nature and carried out in artificial, reproducible conditions through their controlled changes.
Energy consumption during physical activity- this is the amount of energy consumed by the body over a certain period of time during work