Basketball (from English. basket- basket, ball- ball) - an Olympic sport, a sports team game with a ball, in which the goal is to throw the ball into the opponent's basket more times than the opposing team does at the set time. Each team consists of 5 field players.
The history of the emergence and development of basketball
In 1891, in the United States of America, a young Canadian-born teacher, Dr. James Naismith, in an attempt to spice up gymnastics lessons, attached two fruit baskets to the railing of a balcony and suggested throwing soccer balls into it. The resulting game only remotely resembled modern basketball. There was no question of any management, the players threw the ball to each other and then tried to throw it into the basket. The team that scored the most goals won.
A year later, Naismith developed the first rules of basketball. The very first matches under these rules caused their first changes.
Gradually, basketball from the USA penetrated first to the East - Japan, China, the Philippines, and then to Europe and South America. After 10 years at the Olympic Games in St. Louis, the Americans organized a demonstration tour between the teams of several cities. The Basketball Association of America (BAA) was formed in 1946. The first match under her auspices took place on November 1 of the same year in Toronto between the Toronto Huskies and New York Knickerbockers. In 1949, the association merged with the US National Basketball League to form the National Basketball Association (NBA). In 1967, the American Basketball Association was created, which for a long time tried to compete with the NBA, but merged with it 9 years later. Today, the NBA is one of the most influential and well-known professional basketball leagues in the world.
The International Amateur Basketball Federation was founded in 1932. The federation includes 8 countries: Argentina, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Portugal, Romania. Sweden, Czechoslovakia. Based on the name, it was assumed that the organization would lead only amateur basketball, however, in 1989, professional basketball players received admission to international competitions, and the word "amateur" was removed from the name.
The very first international match took place in 1904, and in 1936 basketball entered the program of the Summer Olympic Games.
Basketball rules (briefly)
The rules of the game of basketball changed several times until 2004, when the final version of the rules took shape, which is considered relevant to this day.
- Basketball is played by two teams. Usually a team consists of 12 people, 5 of which are field players, and the rest are considered substitutes.
- Dribbling in basketball. Athletes in possession of the ball must move around the field, hitting the floor with it. IN otherwise"carrying the ball" will be counted, and this is a violation of the rules in basketball. Accidentally touching the ball with a body part other than the hand is not considered a foul, unlike purposeful play with the foot or fist.
- A basketball game consists of 4 periods or halves, but the time of each half (play time) varies depending on the basketball association. So, for example, in NBA a match consists of 4 halves of 12 minutes each, and in FIBA each such half lasts 10 minutes.
- Short breaks are provided between periods, and between the second and third periods, the break time is increased.
- The ball thrown into the basket can bring a different number of points to its team. If the ball is scored during the free throw, the team earns 1 point. If the ball is thrown from an average or close distance (closer than the 3-point line), then the team is given 2 points. A team earns three points if the ball is scored from behind the three-point line.
- If in regular time both teams scored the same number of points, then a 5-minute overtime is assigned, if it ended in a draw, then the next one is assigned and so on until the winner is determined.
- The 3 second rule is a rule that prohibits any player on the attacking team from being in the free throw area for more than three seconds.
- Two step rule in basketball. The player is only allowed to take two steps with the ball, after which he must either shoot or pass.
Basketball field
The playing field for basketball has a rectangular shape and a hard surface. The surface of the site must not have any bends, cracks or any other deformations. The size of the basketball court must be 28 meters long and 15 meters wide (standard). The height of the ceiling must be at least 7 meters, and on professional sites, ceilings are raised to a height of 12 meters and above. The lighting on the field must be designed so as not to interfere with the movement of the players and must evenly cover the entire court.
Until the end of the 60s, tournaments could be organized outdoors. However, now basketball games are played only in closed areas.
Site marking
- limit lines. Pass along the entire perimeter of the site (2 short front lines and 2 long side lines).
- Central line. It is drawn from one side line to another and at the same time it is parallel to the front lines.
- The central zone is a circle (radius 1.80 m) and is located exactly in the center of the basketball field.
- Three-point lines are semi-circles with a radius of 6.75 m, drawn to the intersection with parallel (front) lines.
- Free throw lines. The free-throw line is drawn 3.60 m long parallel to each end line so that its far edge is located at a distance of 5.80 meters from the inside edge of the end line, and its middle is on an imaginary line connecting the midpoints of both end lines.
Basketball
The basketball is spherical, painted an approved shade of orange, and has a pattern of eight inlays and black stitching.
Basketball hoop and backboard dimensions
The height of the basketball hoop from the floor level is 3.05 meters (standard). The diameter of the basketball hoop ranges from 45 cm to 45.7 cm. The ring itself must be painted brightly. Orange color. A special net with a length of 40-45 cm is attached to the ring. The basketball hoop is located at a distance of 15 cm from the backboard.
Vitebsk became the birthplace of Belarusian basketball. It was in this city that the first team (men's) was formed, which in 1923 took part in the first all-Union basketball competitions. At the same time, a squad from a modest Belarusian city managed to take 3rd place, losing only to the teams of Moscow and Petrograd.
A year later, basketball began to actively develop in Minsk. In 1928, the women's team of Belarus took 1st place at the first All-Union Spartakiad, and the men's team came second. At the end of 1929, 2.4 thousand people were engaged in basketball in Belarus.
After World War II, Belarusian teams competed in the USSR championship, but they were not leaders and practically did not get into the number of winners. It was only at the end of the 1980s that the women's team "Horizont" managed to climb the podium for the first time: in 1989, Minskers took second place in the USSR championship. In 1991, they became the third.
basketball players in dresses
In the post-Soviet period, basketball was not among the most. The surge of interest dates back to 1994, when the youth team of Belarus became the European champion. Several Belarusian basketball players were immediately invited to US universities and played for local basketball teams in the NCAA. However, the Belarusians failed to break into the NBA. Having moved to the level of the national teams, the team failed to repeat the success.
The women's team, which is called "the most beautiful team of Belarus" in the country, is much more successful. In 2006, under the guidance of coach Anatoly Buyalsky, the Belarusian team reached the final tournament of the European Championship for the first time and sensationally took third place, winning bronze medals.
Then the women's team made it to the Olympics in Beijing, becoming the first team in the history of sovereign Belarus in team sports to win the right to represent the country at the main start of the four-year period. Our team reached the quarterfinals, where they lost to the Chinese team. As a result, Belarusians took 6th place.
Then there were 4th places at the 2009 European Championship in Riga and at the 2010 World Championship in the Czech Republic. However, in 2011, at the European Championships in Poland, the team did not perform very well and became only 9th. After that, the head coach Anatoly Buyalsky left the team. Under the guidance of a new coach, Lithuanian Rimantas Grigas, the team won a ticket to the 2013 European Championship in France.
The women's basketball team of Belarus is one of the three most popular national teams.
It should be noted that the women's team of Belarus was the first among all other national teams to start performing in sports dresses, and not in T-shirts and shorts.
Hostage of three seconds
The most famous Belarusian basketball player is Ivan Edeshko. He didn't play in the NBA, he didn't score 50 points in a game. Yes, he won 8 USSR championships, the Champions Cup and two European championships. But he became famous all over the world thanks to one single pass. In the already legendary match between the USSR and the USA in the final of the 1972 Olympics in Munich, Ivan Edeshko, 3 seconds before the end of the match, gave a magnificent pass across the entire court to Alexander Belov, who scored the winning goal - 52:51. The USSR national team won the Olympic tournament for the first time in its history.
In women's basketball, the current basketball player Elena Levchenko is well known. She is a participant in the Beijing Olympic Games, as well as the European Championships 2007, 2009, 2011. in the national team of Belarus.
Elena became the champion of Poland, Russia, Lithuania, was a participant in the women's NBA finals. Recognized as the most useful basketball player in the Baltic League (2000), twice - in 2002 and 2003 - was among the top ten players in US colleges. She was recognized as the best center of the 2010 World Cup.
Tsmoki attack!
Unlike the 90s of the last century, Belarusian basketball is on the rise today. The best domestic basketball players not only play in the top clubs abroad, but also stay at home, defending the colors of the Belarusian clubs, which allows raising the level of the national championship. BC "Tsmoki-Minsk" represents Belarus in the VTB United League - a basketball project that unites the strongest basketball clubs in Eastern Europe.
The successful performance of the women's team of Belarus attracts the attention of fans and stimulates the popularity of basketball. Student basketball is actively developing - all Belarusian universities have their own teams.
Similar to modern basketball, they played back in the days of the Mayan civilization. It was called "pok-ta-pok". Two teams tried to throw a four-kilogram rubber ball into a stone ring carved directly into the wall. True, unlike modern basketball, Native American athletes were forbidden to throw the ball with their hands. But you could do it with your elbows, back, legs and even your head. The winning team was expected by a very peculiar one, however, considered very honorable - all its players were sacrificed to the gods.
But the progenitor of modern basketball John Naismith was born in Canada in 1861. Since childhood, James had difficulty studying, so he spent most of his time on the street. One of his favorite games was duck on the rock. According to its rules, the player had to hit the top of another stone, which was larger in size, by throwing a stone. While playing Duck on the Rock, Naismith discovered that a well-balanced throw with a stone is much more effective than a quick and strong throw. Biographers of Naismith are sure that it was this game that became the progenitor of basketball.
It should be noted that the cold played a very important role in the creation of basketball - Naismith's students were forced to train in the gym and did not experience much enthusiasm from the monotonous gymnastic exercises indoors, and the athletes needed to maintain their physical shape no matter what. James Naismith was punished in a short time to come up with a game that would diversify the training process. It is possible that it was then that he remembered his favorite childhood game.
After studying the experience of other team sports that were popular at that time (rugby, lacrosse, football, hockey and baseball), Naismith deduced several main requirements for the new game: firstly, he realized that sports balls could injure the player, so for his new game he chose a light soccer ball; secondly, Naismith noted that most of the game struggle occurs while the players are dribbling the ball, so it was decided that the athletes would pass the ball to each other from hand to hand all the time; the third moment - the creator of basketball decided to nullify the contact between the participants in the game and placed baskets into which it was necessary to throw balls over the heads of the players and forbade them to interfere. James Naismith was limited by the size of the court from the very beginning, he had to take into account that all gyms have a small one. This was the reason why baskets (basketball rings) are 3 meters 5 centimeters from the ground, which has become the standard in basketball.
By 1893, Naismith's game was gaining popularity. Together with her, her creator became more and more famous. The editor of the newspaper in which the rules of the game were first published insisted that it be given the name Naismithball, but the teacher himself refused this idea.
On December 21, 1891, the first basketball game in history took place in the hall of the youth association training center in Springfield (Massachusetts, USA). In connection with this date, "Vitebsk Courier" recalls how an ordinary college teacher came up with one of the most popular games in the world.
Our correspondent spoke to Makhonem Sergey Ivanovich, Vitebsk basketball team since 2003 and learned about the history of the development of the game in Vitebsk and the life of athletes.
Senior coach Makhon Sergey Ivanovich
During the conversation with the head coach of the Vitebsk basketball team OBK-VOKTSOR, it turned out that Vitebsk is the birthplace of Belarusian basketball. After all, the first men's team was formed in our city, which in 1923 took part in the first all-Union basketball competitions. At the same time, athletes from the Belarusian Vitebsk managed to take 3rd place, losing only to the teams of Moscow and Petrograd.
Warm up before the game
Only a year later basketball began to develop actively in Minsk. In 1928, the women's team of Belarus took 1st place at the first All-Union Spartakiad, the men's team, in turn, became the second. By the end of 1929, about 2.4 thousand people were involved in basketball in Belarus.
Vitebsk team "Rubon" lined up before the game
In post-Soviet times, basketball was not among the most popular team sports in Belarus. A surge of interest begins in 1994, when the youth team of Belarus became the European champion. The team also included Baydakov Ruslan Leonidovich, now the head coach of the Vitebsk basketball team.
During the game
The main achievements of the team during its existence, according to the head coach: Vitebsk athletes became silver 12 of the Republican Championship in 2003-2004, bronze medalists in 2004-2005.
Team Captain - 24 year old Victor Hovsepyan Graduated from the Minsk School of Olympic Reserve. The youngest athlete on the team is 17 years old and the oldest is 32 years old. Team member with the tallest height - Artur Pischulenok(height - 2.02 cm), and the shortest - Smirnov Evgeny, his height is 1.79 cm.
Nice guys team captain Viktor Ovsepyan and "old-timer" of the team Sergey Sapegin
The basketball team even has its own fan club, the guys come to cheer for their favorite team at matches, chant chants in support of the athletes.
Sergey Makhon notes as the most important moment the need to pay attention to the education of young people, their support, as well as motivation. It is necessary to be loyal to athletes, create conditions for the development of basketball in Vitebsk, as well as assistance and assistance to athletes within the walls of educational institutions of the city.
Well, the editors of the "Vitebsk Courier" wish Vitebsk basketball sports achievements and good luck in the coming new year!
Basketball in Belarus received its real vocation and development only after the Great October Socialist Revolution. The district departments of Vseobuch had a great influence on the development of the game. In 1920, basketball was introduced as an independent subject in sports schools.
In 1923, at the first All-Union Physical Education Festival, a basketball tournament was held, which is considered to be the first championship of the country. In 1923-28, the Soviet basketball school began to take shape. During these years, the search for the most effective methods team training, new techniques and forms of playing the game, and by 1941, in fact, the formation of the national basketball school was completed. New rules of the game were introduced, which largely coincided with international ones, and educational and methodological work was intensified. In 1947, the All-Union Basketball Section became a member of the International Basketball Federation and Soviet basketball players received the right to participate in all international competitions organized by FIBA. In the same year, the USSR men's team took part in the European Championship for the first time and won the title of champion.
The result of the European Championship proved that Soviet basketball players have already reached a high level of sportsmanship. The offensive nature of the game, based on the collective action, rational technique and versatile physical training of the players, confirmed the correctness of the chosen direction of the Soviet school of basketball.
The USSR women's team in 1950 participated in the European Championship for the first time and won first place.
The men's team in 1952 started at the XY Olympic Games in Helsinki. Soviet basketball players won second place.
In 1964, youth teams entered the international arena. The guys became the first European champions among youths. And in 1965, the girls repeated their success.
The national women's team of the USSR in 1957 participated in the World Championship for the first time, and took 2nd place, and in 1959 in Moscow for the first time became the world champion.
In 1976, women's basketball was introduced to the Olympics for the first time.
Before the collapse of the USSR in 1991, the Belarusian school of basketball developed in line with the development of basketball throughout the Soviet Union. There was one strong women's and men's club playing in the highest league of the USSR championship. This is the women's club "Horizon" (Minsk), which became the winner and the men's club RTI.
Natives and representatives of Belarus have repeatedly participated in the USSR national teams and won medals in the World and European Championships, as well as at the Olympic Games.
It is enough to recall such names as Ivan Edeshko, Galina Savitskaya, Irina Sumnikova, Elena Shvaybovich, etc.
In sovereign Belarus, basketball is not developing at such a fast pace due to insufficient funding, especially for student teams. Thus, the legendary RTI and Horizon ceased to exist. At present, basketball is cultivated only in a few universities of the country - BNTU, BSU, BrGU, BSATU, BelSUT and some others.
8 teams took part in the highest league of the Belarusian basketball championship in 2009-2010: BNTU - Minsk region (Minsk region); Vitalur-RGUOR (Minsk region) Grodno-93 (Grodno); Lokomotiv-KIS (Vitebsk); Minsk-2006 (Minsk); Osipovichi (city of Osipovichi); Sozh (Gomel); Temp-OSHVSM (Mogilev).
In recent years, the leading teams have been BC Grodno-93 and Vitalyur, but since 2009 BC Minsk-2006 has taken the lead. The same club can be congratulated on winning gold medals this year, BC "Grodno-93" - silver medals, BC "Osipovichi" - bronze.
The first league has also been organized, which currently includes the following teams: Belarusian State University (Minsk); BSUIR-RCOR (Minsk); BC "Minsk - 2006"-2 (farm club, Minsk); , GOTSOR-Sozh (Gomel region); Grodno-93-2 (Grodno); Lokomotiv-KiS (farm team); Mara-2015 (Baranovichi); OJSC "Grodno-Azot" (Grodno).
Women's professional basketball is not differentiated into leagues, that is, there is only one major league out of 8 teams: Berezina-RCOR (Borisov); BrGU TsOR "Victoria" (Brest); Victoria (Brest); Minsk-2006 (Minsk); Olympia (Grodno); RGUOR-BGATU (Minsk); Sozh-BelGUT (Gomel); Temp-Mogilevchanka (Mogilev). The leading teams are Berezina-RCOR, Olympia and Minsk-2006. Great success was achieved by the national women's basketball team of the Republic of Belarus, which in 2007 became the third in the European Championship. In 2008, it was also the only one of all the game teams in the entire sovereign history of the Republic of Belarus that participated in Olympic Games held in Beijing. In the preliminary group, she took third place among five teams, beating Latvia (79:57) and South Korea (63:53) and losing to Australia (64:83), Russia (65:71) and Brazil (53:68). 12 basketball players played in this team at this tournament: Ekaterina Snytina, Tatyana Troina, Anastasia Veremeenko, Elena Levchenko, Marina Kress, Natalia Anufrienko, Alexandra Tarasova, Svetlana Volnaya, Yulia Dureiko, Natalia Trofimova, Natalia Marchenko, Olga Podobed, and, moreover, the presenters players, Natalia Marchenko and Anastasia Veremeenko, are from Gomel and the Gomel region (Figure 1).