The musculoskeletal system includes the skeleton and muscles, combined into a single musculoskeletal system. The functional significance of this system lies in its very name. The skeleton and muscles are the supporting structures of the body, limiting the cavities in which the internal organs are located. With the help of the musculoskeletal system, one of the most important functions of the body is carried out - movement. Movement is the main external manifestation of the activity of the organism and, at the same time, a necessary factor in its development. In conditions of restriction of movements, both physical and mental development. It is shown that if newborn animals are deprived of the possibility of free movement, then already in the first month their weight becomes 3 times less than that of individuals of the same litter. Motor activity, especially hand movements, is one of the necessary conditions for the normal development of the brain, its speech function and thinking. Motor activity also plays an important role in metabolic processes, positively affects the work of all internal organs.
Arthritis. This article, the third in a four-part series, explores axial skeleton. Part four will look at the appendicular skeleton. The human adult body contains 206 bones, which are divided into two main parts. The axial skeleton consists of the bones of the skull, spine, sternum and ribs and has a total of 80 bones. The appodecal skeleton consists of the bones of the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and limbs, and has a total of 126 bones. The axial skeleton consists of.
Bones can be classified according to their shape, with some forms of bone associated with either the axial or appendicular skeleton. The spine The spinal column is made up of a series of 33 irregularly shaped bones called vertebrae. These 33 bones are divided into five categories depending on where they are located in spinal column. Over time, some of the smaller bones fuse together, resulting in a total of 26 vertebrae in adults.
Knowledge age features organs of movement and conditions conducive to their normal development, it is necessary to develop effective means and methods of physical education, labor training, organization of the daily routine.
The skeleton is the structural basis of the body. The skeleton forms the structural basis of the body and largely determines its shape and size (Fig. 28). The skeleton consists of bones, in an adult there are more than 200 of them. The role of the bones is not limited to the function of support. The mineral salts that make up their tissues are one of the most important elements metabolic processes. In the bones there is also one of the main organs of hematopoiesis - Bone marrow.
Located at the top of the spine, these bones form the neck and support the head. Lumbar vertebra - five bones. These are the most big bones in the spinal column. These vertebrae support most of the body's weight and are attached to many muscles in the back. sacrotriangular bone just below lumbar vertebra, forms the posterior wall of the pelvic girdle. In children, it consists of four or five sacral vertebrae, which merge into adulthood. The coccyx is the bottom of the spine. It is made up of three to five bones that are fused into adults. Many muscles connect to the coccyx.
- The cervical vertebrae are the first seven bones.
- The thoracic vertebrae are the next 12 bones.
- They form the rear anchor chest.
- They are larger than the cervical vertebrae and increase in size from top to bottom.
Each bone is a complex organ composed of bone tissue, periosteum, bone marrow, blood and lymph vessels and nerves.
The bone, with the exception of the connecting surfaces, is covered with periosteum. This is a thin connective tissue sheath, which is rich in nerves and blood vessels that penetrate from it into the bone through special openings. Ligaments and muscles are attached to the periosteum. The inner layer of the periosteum consists of cells that grow and multiply, ensuring the growth of the bone in thickness, and in case of fractures, the formation of callus.
Together they form a large cranial cavity that protects the brain. The skull also supports the structure of the face and contains the eye sockets, the nasal bones, the temporary bone that protects the structures of the ear, and the teeth and jaws that allow biting and chewing. Shearn and ribs. The sternum is a long, flat bone in the middle of the chest. It consists of manufactory, gladiolus and cruciform process. It supports the clavicles and connects with the cartilages of the first seven pairs of ribs. Most people have 12 pairs of ribs that surround the chest cavity and protect the lungs, heart, and other chest organs.
The structure of bones provides their main property - mechanical strength. The properties of the bone are also provided by their chemical composition. Bones contain 60% minerals, 30% organic, 10% water.
The mineral substances of the bone are represented by salts of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium; many trace elements have been found (aluminum, fluorine, manganese, lead, strontium, uranium, cobalt, iron, etc.). In an adult, about 1200 g of calcium, 530 g of phosphorus, 11 g of magnesium are concentrated in the skeleton; 99% of the calcium in the human body is found in the bones. Among organic substances - fibrous protein - collagen, carbohydrates, enzymes. Minerals, especially calcium, make bones hard, organic substances give them elasticity.
The ribs are connected to the vertebrae. The elasticity of the chest allows you to breathe. Sternum There are three areas. Lever; The body of the sternum is a gladiolus; Chloe-like process. . Between the manufact and the body of the sternum is the sternal angle. It is at this point that the sternum can move back and forth to allow the lungs to expand and contract with the breath. The sternum is composed of highly vascular spongy tissue covered by a thin layer of compact bone. This is the thickest in the handle between the articular faces for the clavicles.
At the top of the sternum there is a gate inscription. a large visible dip where the sternum meets the neck. Ribs Most people have 12 pairs of ribs, although some have a 13th, known as the cervical ribs, the costal remnants of the seventh vertebral neck, and some have only 11 pairs. The ribs form the ribcage, which protects the lungs, heart, and other organs of the chest. They begin in the thoracic vertebrae and curve towards the front of the body. The seven upper pairs of ribs are attached directly to the sternum with hyaline cartilage.
In children, organic substances predominate in the bone tissue; their skeleton is flexible, elastic, and therefore it is easily deformed, bent under prolonged and heavy load and incorrect body positions. As we age, the mineral content of bones increases, causing bones to become less elastic and more brittle.
The bottom five pairs are called "false" ribs - the bottom two sets are "floating" without attachment to the sternum. The three sets of ribs between these and the top seven are attached with costal cartilage to the ribs set seven, and are therefore indirectly connected to the sternum. The spaces between the ribs are called intercostal spaces. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston. The presentation proposes to describe: how bones are made, distinguishing between spongy and compact bone tissue; general structure and functions of the skeleton; how muscles are made, distinguishing between smooth and striped muscle tissue; like muscle contraction; the main muscles of our body.
Organic and mineral substances make the bone strong, hard and elastic, and in combination with the structural features of bone tissue, the location of its plates, oriented in the direction of pressure and tension forces, give the bone properties that surpass many building materials and metals. Thus, bone is 30 times harder than brick and 2.5 times harder than granite. Bone is stronger than oak. It is 9 times stronger than lead and almost as strong as cast iron.
Think about the bones occupied in your body: which parts are more internal? If you stand so long you get tired even if you stand still: why? Just for the Teacher: An initial discussion can help focus on the basic functions of the locomotive system. It will probably be easy for everyone to fix the concept that it allows movement, but may be less intuitive to focus other features. The first question prompts you to think about protective function, which is common in the bones of the head, chest, and pelvis.
The second question draws attention to another factor: the body has a weight that needs to be supported. Thus, the locomotor device also serves to maintain posture. An increase in height is clear evidence that bones are growing. For the teacher: The idea of a non-living structure is usually associated with the skeleton, but this is a completely wrong belief. The cells that make up bones actually die and multiply like most cells throughout the body. To let boys know that bones are indeed living structures, they can make them think about how much they have grown since they started school.
The human femur in a vertical position can withstand the pressure of a load of up to 1.5 tons, and the tibia - up to 1.8 tons.
Growth and development of bones. Young bones grow in length due to the cartilage located between their ends and the body. By the end of bone growth, cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. During the period of growth in the bones of the child, the amount of water decreases, and the amount of minerals increases. The content of organic matter is thus reduced.
How bones are made Bones are made up of specific connective tissues: cartilage and bone. For the Teacher: the bones of an adult are predominantly composed of bone tissue, and cartilage is common in the embryo, that is, in a flexible tissue without mineral salts and blood vessels. The transformation of cartilage tissue into bone tissue, called the process of ossification, begins already in the embryo and ends at about 25 years of age. However, some parts of the skeleton never become shaded, such as the halls of the ears, the nose, and the contact areas between the bones.
The development of the skeleton in men ends by the age of 20-24. At the same time, the growth of bones in length stops, and their cartilaginous parts are replaced by bone tissue. The development of the skeleton in women ends 2-3 years earlier.
The structure and function of the joints. There are fixed, inactive and mobile joints of bones, or joints.
The fixed connection of the bones occurs by their fusion. Movement is extremely limited or non-existent. The immobility of the bones of the cerebral skull, for example, is achieved by the fact that the numerous protrusions of one bone enter the corresponding recess of the other. This connection of bones is called a seam.
Cartilage, that is, flexible tissue, predominates in embryos. In adults, bone tissue predominates, i.e. tougher fabric. Bone tissue is formed from living cells called osteocytes and from an intercellular substance located in lamellae called trabetols. Depending on the location of the trabella, bone tissue is distinguished by compact tissue and spongy tissue. For the Teacher: The figure clearly shows the difference between compact bone tissue and cancellous bone tissue. In compact bone, the trabeculae are very thick and densely thickened, while in cancellous bone they are more distant, so many empty spaces remain.
Slight mobility is achieved by elastic cartilage pads between the bones. Such pads are located between individual vertebrae. When the muscles contract, these pads are compressed and the vertebrae come together. When walking, running, jumping, cartilage acts as a shock absorber, softening sharp shocks and protecting the body from concussion.
Movable joints of bones are more common, they are provided by true joints. The articulating ends of the bones are covered with hyaline cartilage 0.2–0.6 mm thick. This cartilage is elastic, has a smooth, shiny surface, which significantly reduces friction between the bones and thus facilitates their movement. The articulation area of the bones is surrounded by an articular bag (capsule) of very dense connective tissue,
These differences are used to keep the bones light, which are only strengthened in the places where they are most exposed to stress. The trabecular device is not random, but forms a pattern to effectively discharge the forces that the bone is subjected to. This type of structure is also found in some man-made works such as old iron bridges.
It is located in the middle of a bone called the diaphysis. Sponge fabric has a stitched appearance. These are at the ends of a bone called the epiphyses. For the teacher: drawing allows you to focus on the internal structure of the bone. If you are looking at an elongated bone like the lower leg, you can distinguish between a central part, a diaphysis, and two limbs called epiphyses. The diaphysis consists of compact bone tissue; this requires the ability of the bones to support weight and resist impact. The internal cavity of the bones and empty spaces in the spongy tissue are occupied by particles of soft tissue, bone marrow, which stands out in red and yellow.
OPTION 1
OPTION 2
OPTION 1
1. Why are the skeleton and muscles referred to as a single organ system? What is the support, protection and motor function skeleton and muscles?
2. What is the immovable connection of the bones of the skull, with the exception of the lower jaw?
3. In what ways are fixed, semi-movable and movable bone joints made?
The red marrow produces blood cells, while the yellow marrow is used as body fat. Durable yet flexible. Intercellular bone substance consists of mineral salts and bones. Mineral salts make bones hard so they can support body weight. Bone makes bones resilient so they can withstand impact. Just for the Teacher: Osein is a protein organic substance, but also elastic, which becomes warm like jelly. Bone gives elasticity to bones, thus avoiding that they become too brittle.
4. How important are physical exercise for the normal development of the musculoskeletal system?
OPTION 2
1. What parts make up the musculoskeletal system? What are the structural features of the musculoskeletal system? What is the significance of the S-shaped bend of the human spine?
2. What is the chemical composition of bones? How can you find out the properties of its components?
Mineral salts are an inorganic component of the intercellular substance of bone tissue; More specifically, calcium crystals and, to a lesser extent, phosphate crystals are present in abundance. Bone shape. Bones have different shapes depending on where they are and their function. They can be: flat long courts for the teacher: the shape of the bones varies according to the movement they have to perform and according to the specific function they have to play in the skeleton.
Long bones are strong and light; They are suitable for forming limb support structures. flat bones wide and have a reduced thickness; Their function is to protect internal organs and provide a framework to support other bones. short bones, at the same time, have same size in length and width; they are very strong bones.
3. What parts does the joint consist of, what functions do these parts perform?
4. Why are bone curvature more common in children, and fractures in the elderly? What should be done to avoid fractures and curvature?
OPTION 1
1. Why are the skeleton and muscles referred to as a single organ system? What are the supporting, protective and motor functions of the skeleton and muscles?
Skeleton The skeleton consists of 206 bones and is the frame of the body. It is subdivided into: axial skeleton, which includes the bones of the head and trunk. Just for the teacher: The skeleton has several important functions: it supports the body; protects the most delicate internal organs; provides a scaffold to which the muscles are attached; produces blood cells through the bone marrow; is a reservoir of mineral salts. Starting with observing the skeleton, it is suggested that the boys be asked if they know the name of the bone and its position. appendicular skeleton, which includes the bones of the upper and lower limb and bone cysts.
2. What is the immovable connection of the bones of the skull, with the exception of the lower jaw?
3. In what ways are fixed, semi-movable and movable bone joints made?
4. What is the importance of physical exercises for the normal development of the musculoskeletal system?
OPTION 2
1. What parts make up the musculoskeletal system? What are the structural features of the musculoskeletal system? What is the significance of the S-shaped bend of the human spine?
The point where the bones fit is the joints. There are three types of joints: fixed furniture for furniture. For the teacher: so that children understand important role that they are playing, they invite them to think about how many movements they can perform with their arms or legs. Maybe someone, for example, played at the ball or rode a bicycle, breaking his arm or leg: he could tell his comrades what movements he could no longer perform.
Mobile joints allow for large movements. The knee, shoulder and elbow are movable joints. In the area of contact, the bones are covered with cartilage; wrapped in a synovial capsule containing synovial fluid. Just for the Teacher: You could start the explanation by asking the boys how many times they have heard about a soccer player who is supposed to be involved in a meniscus. The meniscus is the small cartilaginous pad in the knee that, due to impact or force, can easily break or move out of its natural seat.
2. What is the chemical composition of bones? How can you find out the properties of its components?
Mineral salts are an inorganic component of the intercellular substance of bone tissue; More specifically, calcium crystals and, to a lesser extent, phosphate crystals are present in abundance. Bone shape. Bones have different shapes depending on where they are and their function. They can be: flat long courts for the teacher: the shape of the bones varies according to the movement they have to perform and according to the specific function they have to play in the skeleton.
Long bones are strong and light; They are suitable for forming limb support structures. Flat bones are wide and have a reduced thickness; Their function is to protect internal organs and provide a framework to support other bones. Short bones, at the same time, have the same size in length and width; they are very strong bones.
3. What parts does the joint consist of, what functions do these parts perform?
4. Why are bone curvature more common in children, and fractures in the elderly? What should be done to avoid fractures and curvature?